1、Designation: E110 14Standard Test Method forRockwell and Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials byPortable Hardness Testers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method def
3、ines the requirements for portableinstruments that are intended to be used to measure theRockwell or Brinell hardness of metallic materials by perform-ing indentation tests on the surface of materials in the field oroutside of a test lab, or in cases where the size or weight of thetest piece prevent
4、s it from being tested on a standard E10 orE18 hardness tester.1.2 The principles used to measure the Rockwell or Brinellhardness are the same as those defined in the E18 standard testmethod for Rockwell or E10 standard test method for Brinell.NOTE 1Standard test methods E10 and E18 will be referred
5、 to in thistest method as the standard methods.1.3 The portable hardness testers covered by this testmethod are verified only by the indirect verification method.Although the portable hardness testers are designed to employthe same test conditions as those defined in the standard testmethods, the fo
6、rces applied by the portable Rockwell andBrinell testers and the depth measuring systems of the portableRockwell testers may not meet the tolerance requirements ofthe standard methods. Portable hardness testers shall useindenters that meet the requirements of the standard testmethods.1.4 This test m
7、ethod does not apply to portable hardnesstesters that measure hardness by a means or procedure that isdifferent than those defined in E10 or E18 For example, thistest method does not apply to the methods defined in ASTMstandard Practice A833, Test Methods A956 and A1038 orB647.1.5 A report section i
8、s included to define how to indicatethat the test result was obtained by using a portable device thatconforms to this document.1.6 Annex A1 is included that defines the periodic indirectverification and daily verification requirements for these instru-ments.1.7 This standard does not purport to addr
9、ess all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A833 Practice
10、for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materi-als by Comparison Hardness TestersA956 Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of SteelProductsA1038 Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by theUltrasonic Contact Impedance MethodB647 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of AluminumAlloys by Means of a
11、Webster Hardness GageE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals RelationshipAmong Bri
12、nell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO/IEC 17025 : General requirements for the competenceof testing calibration laboratoriesISO/IEC 17011 : Conformity assessment - General require-ments
13、for accreditation bodies accrediting conformityassessment bodies1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 onIndentation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Or
14、iginally approvedin 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E110 10. DOI: 10.1520/E0110-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
15、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Significance and Use3.1 Portable hardness testers are used for testing materialsthat because of their size, location or other requirements suchas test point are unable to be tested using traditional fixedinstruments.3.2 Portable
17、 hardness testers, by their nature, induce varia-tion that could influence the test results; therefore, hardnessmeasurements made in accordance with this test method arenot considered to meet the requirements of E10 or E18. Theuser should compare the results of the precision and biasstudies in E110,
18、 E10 and E18 to understand the differences inresults expected between portable and fixed instruments.3.3 Two test parameters that can significantly influence themeasurement accuracy when using portable hardness testersare the alignment of the indenter to the test surface and thetiming of the test fo
19、rces. The user is cautioned to do everythingpossible to keep the centerline of the indenter perpendicular tothe test surface and to apply the test forces using the same timecycle as defined in Test Method E10 or Test Methods E18.3.4 Portable hardness testers are delicate instruments thatare subject
20、to damage when they are moved from one test siteto another. Therefore, repeating the daily verification processduring the testing sequence is recommended to insure that theyare working properly.3.5 Hardness testing at a specific location on a part may notrepresent the physical characteristics of the
21、 whole part or endproduct.4. Principles of Test and Apparatus4.1 The portable hardness tester shall be capable of applyingthe same test forces, use the same indenter types, and use thesame methods for determining and calculating the hardnessvalue as defined in Test Method E10 or Test Methods E18.4.2
22、 Portable hardness testers are generally provided withvarious means of holding the indenter in contact with thesurface to be tested. For example, the testers may be clampedto the object to be tested, attached to an adjacent fixed objector attached to the surface to be tested by a magnet. For testing
23、inside a cavity the tester may be placed against one wall of thecavity to make a test on the opposite wall.4.3 Portable hardness testers of the types covered in thismethod do not employ dead weights to apply the indentingforces. This imposes certain limitations and necessitates certainprecautions. A
24、ll requirements of the standard methods exceptthose modified by the following sections shall apply to the useof portable hardness testers.4.3.1 Portable testers are not verified by direct verification.4.3.2 A portable hardness tester does not have to undergoindirect verification each time it is move
25、d.4.3.3 Some portable Brinell hardness testers do not maintainthe force. It is very important to follow manufacturersinstructions on how to operate the portable Brinell hardnesstester.4.4 Rockwell Hardness Test Principle (see Test MethodE18)the general principle of the Rockwell indentation hard-ness
26、 test is divided into three steps of force application andremoval.4.4.1 Step 1The indenter is brought into contact with thetest piece in a direction perpendicular to the surface, and thepreliminary test force is applied. After preliminary test force,the baseline depth of indentation is measured.4.4.
27、2 Step 2The force on the indenter is increased toadditional test force to achieve the total test force.4.4.3 Step 3The additional test force is removed, returningto the preliminary test force. The final depth of indentation ismeasured. The preliminary test force is removed and theindenter is removed
28、 from the test piece. The Rockwell hard-ness value is derived in accordance with E18 from thedifference in the final and baseline indentation depths whileunder the preliminary test force.4.5 Brinell Hardness Test Principle(see Test MethodE10)the general principle of the Brinell indentation hardnesst
29、est consists of two steps.4.5.1 Step 1The indenter is brought into contact with thetest piece in a direction perpendicular to the surface, and thetest force is applied. The test force is then removed.4.5.2 Step 2The diameter of the indentation is measured.The Brinell hardness value is derived from t
30、he mean of thediameter measurements.5. Test Piece5.1 Accurate hardness test results are dependent on properpreparation of the test piece. All requirements for test piecesupon which the indentation will be made shall conform to theapplicable standard methods.6. Test Procedures6.1 A daily verification
31、 (see A1.1.3 and Table A1.1)ofthetesting machine shall be performed in accordance with theapplicable standard methods. It is recommended that dailyverification should be performed just prior to making thehardness tests at the test worksite where the hardness tests areto be made. The daily verificati
32、on should be performed with thetesting machine oriented in the position that it will be used.Repeating the daily verification between multiple tests in asequence and after a test sequence is completed is recom-mended. The purpose of performing the daily verification at thetest site is to ensure that
33、 environmental conditions(temperature), position or damage during travel and usage havenot affected the ability of the test equipment to performproperly.6.2 Relative motion between the tester and the test piecewill affect the results of the test; therefore the tester shall beheld and supported such
34、that relative motion is minimized.This is particularly true for the portable Rockwell hardnesstester. Mount the tester in such a position that the axis of theindenter is normal to the surface to be tested.6.3 Adhere to manufacturers instructions manual for theproper operating procedures and testing
35、precautions.E110 1426.4 The test procedure defined by the applicable standardmethod shall be used.7. Conversion to Other Hardness Scales or TensileStrength Values7.1 There is no general method of accurately converting thehardness numbers on one scale to hardness numbers on anotherscale or to tensile
36、 strength values. Conversions betweenhardness scales are approximations and therefore, should beavoided except for special cases where a reliable basis for theapproximate conversion has been obtained by comparisontests. The measured values (Rockwell or Brinell) must bereported as required in Section
37、 8 along with any convertedvalues, clearly marked as converted values.NOTE 2The Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals, E140,give approximate conversion values for specific materials and reportingrequirements for converted values.8. Report8.1 The report shall meet the requirements of the sta
38、ndardmethod with the following additions.8.2 Reports shall reference this standard.8.3 The measured hardness number shall be reported inaccordance with the standard methods and appended with a /Pto indicate that it was determined by a portable hardness tester.Rockwell hardness examples:40 HRC/P = Ro
39、ckwell hardness number of 40 on RockwellC scale.72 HRBW/P = Rockwell hardness number of 72 on theRockwell B scale using a tungsten carbide ball indenter.Brinell hardness examples:220 HBW/P 10/3000 = Brinell hardness of 220 determinedwith a ball of 10 mm diameter and with a test force of 3000 kgf(29.
40、42 kN) applied for 10 s to 15 s.350 HBW/P 5/750 = Brinell hardness of 350 determinedwith a ball of 5 mm diameter and with a test force of 750 kgf(7.355 kN) applied for 10 s to 15 s.600 HBW/P 2.5/62.5/20 = Brinell hardness of 600 deter-mined with a ball of 2.5 mm diameter and with a test force of62.5
41、 kgf (612.9 N) applied for 20 s.9. Precision and Bias9.1 A precision and bias study was conducted in 2008 inaccordance with ASTM Practice E691 to determine the preci-sion of Rockwell and Brinell test results obtained with portableinstruments. Because of the difference in the equipment used,the Rockw
42、ell and Brinell testing were treated as two separatestudies. The full results are filed under ASTM Research ReportRR: RR:E28-104349.2 Seven laboratories were used for each study. Three ofthe laboratories were manufactures of instruments and fourwere users of the equipment. The testing for five of th
43、elaboratories was done at the November 2008ASTM meeting inTampa Florida. The remainders were done at the users facility.In some cases the testing was done by calibration agencypersonal.9.3 Separate studies were done for Rockwell and Brinelltesting machines.9.3.1 For the Rockwell scale testing, four
44、different types ofinstruments of various ages were used that were produced bythree manufacturers.9.3.2 The Brinell tests were all performed on one manufac-turers instrument since it is by far the most common used byindustry. The seven instruments used to do the test ranged froma new unit to one that
45、 was 30 years old. There were fivedifferent measuring systems used to determine the size of theBrinell indent. Two were computer controlled systems and theothers were manual scopes with 20X magnification from threedifferent manufacturers.9.4 Since the E110-82(2002) standard, which was current atthe
46、time of the study, did not clearly specify indirect verifica-tion results required of the instruments to meet the standard, noattempt was made to qualify them by verifying their overallperformance on test blocks before using them in the study. Allof the instruments used for the testing were consider
47、ed to be ingood working order and typical of those used for every daytesting.9.5 Standardized test blocks used were calibrated accordingtoASTM Test Methods E18 or Test Method E10 The RockwellHRC and HRBW and the Brinell HBW 10/3000 scales wereused. In each scale three test blocks were used, one each
48、 in thehigh, medium, and low hardness ranges. Three tests wereperformed on each test block in specific locations.NOTE 3Practice E691 requires a minimum of four (4) test blocks to beused for each study. Since the Brinell study only used three blocks, theBrinell part of this study will have to be redo
49、ne. Until then the Brinell partis considered to be provisional.9.6 A summary of the test data is shown in Table 1 andTable 2.9.6.1 The value of rPBindicates the typical amount ofvariation that can be expected between test results obtained forthe same material by the same operator using the samehardness tester on the same day. When comparing two testresults made under these conditions, a measurement differenceof less than the rPBvalue for that material is an indication thatthe results may be equivalent.9.6.2 The value of RPBindicates the typical amount ofvariation tha
