1、Designation: E154 08aE154/E154M 08a (Reapproved 2013)1Standard Test Methods forWater Vapor Retarders Used in Contact with Earth UnderConcrete Slabs, on Walls, or as Ground Cover1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E154;E154/E154M; the number immediately following the designation indi
2、cates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of
3、 the Department of Defense.1 NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in May 2013.1. Scope1.1 These test methods2 cover the determination of the properties of flexible membranes to be used as vapor retarders in contactwith earth under concrete slabs, against walls, or as ground cover in crawl
4、 spaces. The test methods are applicable primarily toplastic films and other flexible sheets. The materials are not intended to be subjected to sustained hydrostatic pressure. Theprocedures simulate conditions to which vapor retarders may be subjected prior to and during installation, and in service
5、.1.2 The test methods included are:SectionWater-Vapor Transmission of Material as Received 7Water-Vapor Transmission after Wetting and Drying and after Long-Time Soaking 8Tensile Strength 9Resistance to Puncture 10Resistance to Plastic Flow and Elevated Temperature 11Effect of Low Temperatures on Fl
6、exibility 12Resistance to Deterioration from Organisms and Substances in Con-tacting Soil 13Resistance to Deterioration from Petroleum Vehicles for Soil Poisons 14Resistance to Deterioration from Exposure to Ultraviolet Light 15Resistance to Flame Spread 16Report 171.3 The values stated in either SI
7、 units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound valuesgiven in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining value
8、s from the two systems may result innon-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
9、 applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor Retarders for Thermal InsulationD828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard Using Constant-Rat
10、e-of-Elongation Apparatus (Withdrawn2009)41 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21 onServiceability.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008April 1, 2013. Published November 2008May 2013. O
11、riginally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2008 asE154 08.E154 08a. DOI: 10.1520/E0154-08A.10.1520/E0154_E0154M-08AR13E01.2 Some of these test methods were based originally on Report No. 2040, U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, and “Vapor Barrier Materials for Use with Slab-On-Groun
12、dConstruction and as Ground Covers in Crawl Spaces,” Publication 445-1956, Building Research Advisory Board (currently out-of-print).3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume inform
13、ation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been mad
14、e to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copy
15、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic SheetingD1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart MethodD1985 Practice for Preparing Concrete
16、Blocks for Testing Sealants, for Joints and CracksD2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Outdoor ApplicationsD4397 Specification for Polyethylene Sheeting for Construction, Industrial, and Agricultural ApplicationsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Buildin
17、g MaterialsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of MaterialsE241 Guide for Limiting Water-Induced Damage to BuildingsE437 Specification for Industrial Wire Cloth and Screens (Square Opening Series) (Discontinued 2000) Replaced by E 2016(Withdrawn 2000)4E631 Terminology of Building Cons
18、tructionsF1249 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in these test methods, see Terminologies C168 and E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1
19、 perm, nthe time rate of water vapor migration through a material or a construction of 1 grain/hft2in. mercury (Hg) ofvapor pressure difference.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThere are no SI units that can be combined to give the same mass flow rate as the inch-pound perm without a numerical coefficient.If a spe
20、cification states that a one perm resistance is required, the same rate of flow will be obtained from the followingrelationships:1 perm = 1 grain/hft2in. Hg Inch-pound units= 57.21012 kg/sm2Pa SI (fundamental units)= 57.2 ng/sm2Pa SI (frequently used)= 0.66 g/24 hm2mm Hg SI (deprecated, should not b
21、e used)The perm is a specific rate of vapor flow regardless of the units that were used in measuring the flow rate or in converting them into desiredunits.3.2.2 water-vapor permeability, nthe time rate of water vapor flow through unit area of unit thickness of a flat materialinduced by unit vapor pr
22、essure difference between two parallel specified surfaces under specific temperature and humidityconditions.3.2.2.1 DiscussionSince vapor flow rate does not vary directly with thickness for many materials, comparisons of vapor flow rates for retarders ofvarious thicknesses should be made on test res
23、ults of permeance rather than on permeability.3.2.3 watervapor permeance, nthe time rate of water vapor flow through unit area of the known thickness of a flat materialor a construction normal to two specific parallel surfaces induced by unit vapor pressure difference between the two surfaces unders
24、pecific temperature and humidity conditions. While the SI unit is kg/sm2Pa, the practical unit is the perm (see 3.2.1).3.2.4 water-vapor transmission (WVT),nthe steady water vapor flow in unit time through unit area of a flat material or aconstruction normal to specific parallel surfaces induced by
25、specific temperatures, pressures, and humidities at each surface. Unitsin SI are kilogram per second, square metre, (kg/sm2) (inch-pound,inch-pound, grain per hour, square foot, (grain/hft2).).4. Significance and Use4.1 In service, vapor retarders may be exposed to a variety of conditions, so no one
26、 test will provide evaluations related toperformance for all exposures (refer to Guide E241 and Practice C755). Neither will all test methods listed be necessary in allevaluations for specific exposures (see 16.2).4.2 LimitationsPrior to use and in service, vapor retarders may be exposed to a variet
27、y of conditions so no one test willprovide evaluations related to performance for all exposures (refer to Guide E241 and Practice C755). Neither will all tests benecessary in all evaluations for specific exposures. Consequently, the tests and required test results shall be agreed upon by thepurchase
28、r and the supplier (see 16.2).E154/E154M 08a (2013)125. Sampling5.1 Obtain samples for preparation of test specimens from each of three separate rolls or packages of each type of material beingtested. Samples shall be representative of the material being tested and shall be of uniform thickness. If
29、the samples are ofnonsymmetrical construction, designate the two faces by distinguishing marks and report which side was exposed to a specificcondition.6. Test Specimen6.1 The number and size of test specimens of each material are specified in each test procedure. Great care is required to protectth
30、e test areas of the specimens against damage or contamination.7. Water-Vapor Transmission of Material as Received7.1 Significance and UseSince the water-vapor flow rate through a material in service is significant in order for comparisonsto be made of performance after specific treatments of the mat
31、erial, the water-vapor flow rate of the material as received is neededas a reference value. The as-received material is presumed to be representative of the material that is to be used on the purchasersproject.7.2 ApparatusThe apparatus and test facilities are described in Test Methods E96/E96M and
32、F1249.7.3 Procedure:7.3.1 Make water-vapor transmission tests on at least three specimens of each material in accordance with Test MethodsE96/E96M or F1249. If the retarder material is coated or treated on one surface to improve its water-vapor resistance, make thetest with this surface toward the w
33、ater unless otherwise specified.7.3.2 Where wax seals are used with the wet method, it is good procedure to heat the test dishes uniformly to 45C(113F)113F or slightly warmer before sealing the test sample to the dish to avoid having the wax become too viscous for goodsealing.7.4 Precision and BiasT
34、he statements regarding precision and bias in Test Methods E96/E96M and F1249 shall also applyto this test method.8. Water-Vapor Transmission after Wetting and Drying and after Long-Time Soaking8.1 Significance and UseAfter water-vapor retarders leave the factory, they are exposed to many conditions
35、 of wetting anddrying and may be subjected to immersion or partial immersion for various periods. To indicate the potential effect of wetting anddrying and relatively long-time exposure to soaking, the data from these tests will be compared with those of the material asreceived.8.2 Apparatus:8.2.1 C
36、ontrolled-Temperature Vessels, of suitable size for soaking specimens and equipped with a temperature controlleractuated by a thermostat. The controller shall be of a type that will maintain temperature in the vessels between 22 and 24C (7272and 75F).75F. If space permits, the test chamber used for
37、the water-vapor transmission tests may be used to hold soaking pansin place of the thermostatically controlled vessel.8.2.2 Oven or Drying Chamber, for drying test specimens, thermostatically controlled at a temperature between 60 and 62C(140140 and 144F).144F.8.2.3 Water-Vapor Transmission Apparatu
38、s, as prescribed in Test Methods E96/E96M and F1249.8.2.4 MandrelA round metal bar or rod 25 mm (1 in.)1 in. in diameter and approximately 460 mm (18 in.)18 in. long.8.3 Procedure:8.3.1 Cut three specimens, 305 by 305 mm (1212 by 12 in.)in. of the material to be tested.8.3.2 Immerse the specimens in
39、 potable water kept at a temperature between 22 and 24C (7272 and 75F)75F for 16 h(overnight). Then dry the specimens in an oven kept between 60 and 62C (140140 and 144F)144F for 8 h. Repeat the wettingand drying cycle for a total of five cycles (Monday through Friday) to be followed by immersing th
40、e specimens in water over theweekend (64 h). Repeat the wetting and drying cycle five more days and immerse the specimens in water for a period of 1612 days(weekend plus two weeks). Dry the specimens between 60 and 62C (140140 and 144F)144F and then condition to a constantweight in the chamber where
41、 water-vapor transmission tests are made.8.3.3 Cut the specimens into halves parallel to the machine direction (the long direction as taken from the roll or package). Bendone of the halves of each specimen with one surface up and the other specimen with the opposite surface up at an angle of 90over
42、a 25-mm (1-in.)1-in. diameter mandrel in a period of 2 s or less at a temperature between 22 and 24C (7272 and75F).75F. Record evidence of cracking or delamination.8.3.4 Cut specimens for the water-vapor transmission test so that the full bent portion is installed in the center of the pan withthe su
43、rface that was concave at the time of bending facing the water. Determine water-vapor transmission in accordance withSection 7.E154/E154M 08a (2013)138.4 Precision and BiasThe statements regarding precision and bias in Test Methods E96/E96M and F1249 shall also applyto this test method.9. Tensile St
44、rength9.1 Significance and UseThe thin sheet materials that are used as vapor retarders are subjected to several kinds of handlingstresses. Since it is desirable that the material have a tensile strength that will minimize tearing or permanent elongation in normaluse, the tensile data may be used to
45、 compare different materials that are being considered for use in specific constructions.9.2 Apparatus:9.2.1 Controlled-Temperature VesselsSee 8.2.1.9.2.2 Tensile Testing MachineConstant Rate of Extension equipment meeting the requirements as described in Test MethodsD828 or D882, as appropriate for
46、 the material being tested.9.3 Procedure:9.3.1 Cut ten specimens, 25 m (1 in.)1 in. wide and 203 mm (8 in.)8 in. long, in each principal direction (crosswise andlengthwise) of the sample.9.3.2 Immerse in potable water controlled at a temperature between 22 and 24C (7272 and 75F)75F for seven days in
47、 sucha manner that water has free access to all surfaces and edges of the specimens.9.3.3 Remove the specimens from the water one at a time, lightly blot the free water from both surfaces, and immediatelydetermine the tensile strength and elongation at maximum load. If the vapor retarder is an unrei
48、nforced plastic sheet, test accordingto Test Method D882. If the vapor retarder is reinforced or contains fiber, test according to Test Method D828. If necessary toprevent slippage during the test, line the jaws of the clamp with emery cloth or other rough material. Average the ten readings,crosswis
49、e and lengthwise, respectively.9.4 Precision and BiasThe statements on reproducibility in Test Methods D828 or D882 shall also apply to this test method.10. Resistance to Puncture10.1 Significance and Use:10.1.1 One of the major stresses to which sheet materials used as vapor retarders are subjected is puncture. These data may beused to evaluate the resistance to one type of puncture force on different materials to be considered for a specific construction.10.1.2 The falling dart t
