1、Designation: E 154 99 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Methods forWater Vapor Retarders Used in Contact with Earth UnderConcrete Slabs, on Walls, or as Ground Cover1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defen
3、se.1. Scope1.1 These test methods2cover the determination of theproperties of flexible membranes to be used as vapor retardersin contact with earth under concrete slabs, against walls, or asground cover in crawl spaces. The test methods are applicableprimarily to plastic films, and other flexible sh
4、eets. Thematerials are not intended to be subjected to sustained hydro-static pressure. The procedures simulate conditions to whichvapor retarders may be subjected prior to and during installa-tion, and in service.1.2 The test methods included are:SectionWater-Vapor Transmission of Material as Recei
5、ved 7Water-Vapor Transmission after Wetting and Drying and after Long-Time Soaking 8Tensile Strength 9Resistance to Puncture 10Resistance to Plastic Flow and Elevated Temperature 11Effect of Low Temperatures on Flexibility 12Resistance to Deterioration from Organisms and Substances in Con-tacting So
6、il 13Resistance to Deterioration from Petroleum Vehicles for Soil Poisons 14Resistance to Deterioration from Exposure to Ultraviolet Light 15Resistance to Flame Spread 16Report 171.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units shall beconsidered standard. The values in parentheses are for infor-mat
7、ion only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Ref
8、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC 755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor Retarders forThermal InsulationD 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation ApparatusD 1709 Test Methods for Impact Re
9、sistance of Plastic Filmby the Falling Dart MethodD 1985 Practice for Preparing Concrete Blocks for TestingSealants for Joints and CracksD 2565 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Exposure ofPlastics Intended for Outside ApplicationsD 4397 Specification for Polyethylene Sheeting for Con-struction, Indu
10、strial, and Agricultural ApplicationsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE96 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Mate-rialsE 241 Guide for Limiting Water-Induced Damage to Build-ingsE 437 Specification for Industrial Wire Cloth and Screens(Square Opening
11、Series)4E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in these testmethods, see Terminologies C 168 and E 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 perm, nthe time rate of water vapor migrationthrough a material or a constr
12、uction of 1 grain/hft2in. Hg ofvapor pressure difference.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThere are no SI units that can becombined to give the same mass flow rate as the inch-pound1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of S
13、ubcommittee E06.21on Serviceability.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 154 99.2Some of these test methods were based originally on Report No. 2040, U.S.Forest Products Laboratory, and “Vapor Barrier
14、Materials for Use with Slab-On-Ground Construction and as Ground Covers in Crawl Spaces,” Publication445-1956, Building Research Advisory Board (currently out-of-print).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
15、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.perm without a numerical coefficient. If a specification statestha
16、t a one perm resistance is required, the same rate of flowwill be obtained from the following relationships:1 perm = 1 grain/hft2in. Hg Inch-pound units= 57.21012kg/sm2Pa SI (fundamental units)= 57.2 ng/sm2Pa SI (frequently used)= 0.66 g/24 hm2mm Hg SI (deprecated, should not be used)The perm is a s
17、pecific rate of vapor flow regardless of the units thatwere used in measuring the flow rate or in converting them into desiredunits.3.2.2 watervapor permeability, n the time rate of watervapor flow through unit area of unit thickness of a flat materialinduced by unit vapor pressure difference betwee
18、n two parallelspecified surfaces under specific temperature and humidityconditions.3.2.2.1 DiscussionSince vapor flow rate does not varydirectly with thickness for many materials, comparisons ofvapor flow rates for retarders of various thicknesses should bemade on test results of permeance rather th
19、an on permeability.3.2.3 watervapor permeance, nthe time rate of watervapor flow through unit area of the known thickness of a flatmaterial or a construction normal to two specific parallelsurfaces induced by unit vapor pressure difference between thetwo surfaces under specific temperature and humid
20、ity condi-tions. While the SI unit is kg/sm2Pa, the practical unit is theperm (see 3.2.1).3.2.4 watervapor transmission (WVT), nthe steady wa-ter vapor flow in unit time through unit area of a flat materialor a construction normal to specific parallel surfaces inducedby specific temperatures, pressu
21、res, and humidities at eachsurface. Units in SI are kilogram per second, square metre,(kg/sm2) (inch-pound, grain per hour, square foot, (grain/hft2).4. Significance and Use4.1 In service, vapor retarders may be exposed to a varietyof conditions, so no one test will provide evaluations related toper
22、formance for all exposures (refer to Guide E 241 andC 755). Neither will all test methods listed be necessary in allevaluations for specific exposures (see 16.2).4.2 LimitationsPrior to use and in service, vapor retardersmay be exposed to a variety of conditions so no one test willprovide evaluation
23、s related to performance for all exposures(refer to Guide E 241 and C 755). Neither will all tests benecessary in all evaluations for specific exposures. Conse-quently, the tests and required test results shall be agreed uponby the purchaser and the supplier (see 16.2).5. Sampling5.1 Obtain samples
24、for preparation of test specimens fromeach of three separate rolls or packages of each type of materialbeing tested. Samples shall be representative of the materialbeing tested and shall be of uniform thickness. If the samplesare of nonsymmetrical construction, designate the two faces bydistinguishi
25、ng marks and report which side was exposed to aspecific condition.6. Test Specimen6.1 The number and size of test specimens of each materialare specified in each test procedure. Great care is required toprotect the test areas of the specimens against damage orcontamination.7. Water-Vapor Transmissio
26、n of Material as Received7.1 Significance and UseSince the water-vapor flow ratethrough a material in service is significant in order forcomparisons to be made of performance after specific treat-ments of the material, the water-vapor flow rate of the materialas received is needed as a reference val
27、ue. The as-receivedmaterial is presumed to be representative of the material that isto be used on the purchasers project.7.2 ApparatusThe apparatus and test facilities are de-scribed in Test Methods E96.7.3 Procedure:7.3.1 Make water-vapor transmission tests on at least threespecimens of each materi
28、al in accordance with Procedure B ofTest Methods E96. If the retarder material is coated or treatedon one surface to improve its water-vapor resistance, make thetest with this surface toward the water unless otherwisespecified.7.3.2 Where wax seals are used with the wet method, it isgood procedure t
29、o heat the test dishes uniformly to 45C(113F) or slightly warmer before sealing the test sample to thedish to avoid having the wax become too viscous for goodsealing.7.4 Precision and BiasThe statements regarding precisionand bias in Test Methods E96 shall also apply to this testmethod.8. Water-Vapo
30、r Transmission after Wetting and Dryingand after Long-Time Soaking8.1 Significance and UseAfter water-vapor retardersleave the factory they are exposed to many conditions ofwetting and drying, and may be subjected to immersion orpartial immersion for various periods. To indicate the potentialeffect
31、of wetting and drying, and relatively long-time exposureto soaking, the data from these tests will be compared withthose of the material as received.8.2 Apparatus:8.2.1 Controlled-Temperature Vessels, of suitable size forsoaking specimens, and equipped with a temperature controlleractuated by a ther
32、mostat. The controller shall be of a type thatwill maintain temperature in the vessels between 22 and 24C(72 and 75F). If space permits, the test chamber used for thewater-vapor transmission tests may be used to hold soakingpans in place of the thermostatically controlled vessel.8.2.2 Oven or Drying
33、 Chamber, for drying test specimens,thermostatically controlled at a temperature between 60 and62C (140 and 144F).8.2.3 Water-Vapor Transmission Apparatus, as prescribed inTest Methods E96.8.2.4 MandrelA round metal bar or rod 25 mm (1 in.) indiameter and approximately 460 mm (18 in.) long.8.3 Proce
34、dure:8.3.1 Cut three specimens, 305 by 305 mm (12 by 12 in.) ofthe material to be tested.E 154 99 (2005)28.3.2 Immerse the specimens in potable water kept at atemperature between 22 and 24C (72 and 75F) for 16 h(overnight). They dry the specimens in an oven kept between60 and 62C (140 and 144F) for
35、8 h. Repeat the wetting anddrying cycle for a total of 5 cycles (Monday through Friday) tobe followed by immersing the specimens in water over theweekend (64 h). Repeat the wetting and drying cycle 5 moredays and immerse the specimens in water for a period of 1612days (weekend plus 2 weeks). Dry the
36、 specimens between 60and 62C (140 and 144F) and then condition to a constantweight in the chamber where water-vapor transmission testsare made.8.3.3 Cut the specimens into halves parallel to the machinedirection (the long direction as taken from the roll or package).Bend one of the halves of each sp
37、ecimen with one surface upand the other specimen with the opposite surface up at an angleof 90 over a 25-mm (1-in.) diameter mandrel in a period of 2s or less at a temperature between 22 and 24C (72 and 75F).Record evidence of cracking or delamination.8.3.4 Cut specimens for the water-vapor transmis
38、sion test sothat the full bent portion is installed in the center of the panwith the surface that was concave at the time of bending facingthe water. Determine water-vapor transmission in accordancewith Section 7.8.4 Precision and BiasThe statements regarding precisionand bias in Test Methods E96 sh
39、all also apply to this testmethod.9. Tensile Strength9.1 Significance and UseThe thin sheet materials that areused as vapor retarders are subjected to several kinds ofhandling stresses. Since it is desirable that the material have atensile strength that will minimize tearing or permanent elon-gation
40、 in normal use, the tensile data may be used to comparedifferent materials that are being considered for use in specificconstructions.9.2 Apparatus:9.2.1 Controlled-Temperature Vessels See 8.2.1.9.2.2 Testing MachineA pendulum-type tension testingmachine such as described in Test Method D 828,orthee
41、quivalent.9.3 Procedure:9.3.1 Cut ten specimens, 25 m (1 in.) wide and 203 mm (8in.) long, in each principal direction (crosswise and lengthwise)of the sample.9.3.2 Immerse in potable water controlled at a temperaturebetween 22 and 24C (1) (72 and 75F) for 7 days in such amanner that water has free
42、access to all surfaces and edges ofthe specimens.9.3.3 Remove the specimens from the water one at a time,lightly blot the free water from both surfaces, and immediatelydetermine the tensile strength and elongation at maximumload. Test both sets of specimens at a temperature between 22and 24C (72 and
43、 75F) with the tester adjusted so the distancebetween the jaws is about 13 mm (12 in.). Line the jaws of theclamp with emery cloth or other rough material to preventslippage of the specimen during test. Materials with highelongation may be tested with a requirement for energyabsorbed to maximum load
44、 in joules or in inch-pounds.Average the ten readings, crosswise and lengthwise, respec-tively.9.4 Precision and BiasThe statements on reproducibilityin Test Method D 828 shall also apply to this test method.10. Resistance to Puncture10.1 Significance and Use:10.1.1 One of the major stresses to whic
45、h sheet materialsused as vapor retarders are subjected is puncture. These datamay be used to evaluate the resistance to one type of punctureforce on different materials to be considered for a specificconstruction.10.1.2 The falling dart test in the paragraph on ImpactResistance of Specification D 43
46、97 may be used to evaluatepuncture resistance of the material. (See Test Method D 1709also.)10.2 Apparatus:10.2.1 A Square Mounting Frame, of wood, metal, or rigidplastic 254 by 254 mm (10 by 10 in.) outside with a 152- by152-mm (6- by 6-in.) central opening, consisting of two partsthat are held tog
47、ether with 8 thumbscrews, on each side. Thethickness of wood or plastic shall be 32 mm (114 in.); of metal10 mm (38 in.). The contact areas of each part shall be facedwith well-adhered Grade No. 80 sandpaper to prevent slippageof the sheet under test (see Fig. 1).10.2.2 Steel Cylinder, solid, 25-mm
48、(1-in.) diameter, withthe contact face smooth and at 90 with the axis, and with theedge of the end surface slightly rounded.10.2.3 Conventional Straightedges and Rules or Dials,toindicate deflection of the test membrane at the edge of the steelcylinder.10.3 Procedure:10.3.1 Conduct the tests at a ro
49、om temperature between 22and 24C (72 and 75F).10.3.2 Cut three 254-mm (10-in.) square specimens of thematerial to be tested. Condition specimens to a constant weightbetween 22 and 24C (72 and 75F) and between 45 and 55 %relative humidity.10.3.3 Place a single sheet between the upper and lowerparts of the mounting frame and tighten the thumbscrews.10.3.4 Make the tests at a room temperature between 22 and24C (72 and 75F). Support the test frame containing themounted specimen on all sides on a rigid base high enough to
