1、Designation: E192 04 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Reference Radiographs ofInvestment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEReapproved with editorial change
3、s throughout in January 2010.1. Scope1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to thisstandard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuitiesoccurring in thin-wall steel investment castings.2Use of thisstandard for the specification or grading of castings requiresprocurement of
4、the adjunct reference radiographs which illus-trate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They areintended to provide the following:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel castingdiscontinuities and their differentiation both as to type anddegree through radiographic examination
5、.1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuitiesand a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards,specifications and drawings.1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:1.2.1 GradedSix common discontinuity types each illus-trated in eight degrees of progressively incre
6、asing severity.1.2.2 UngradedTwelve single illustrations of additionaldiscontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections notgenerally regarded as discontinuities.1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for castingsections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.1.4 This document may be used where
7、 there is no otherapplicable document existing or for other material thicknessesfor which it is found to be applicable and for which agreementhas been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.NOTE 1The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in therange from 130 to 250 kVp, consist
8、of 16 plates (812 by 11 in. (216 by 279mm) in a 934 by 1112-in. (248 by 292-mm) ring binder.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly and are not conside
9、red standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
10、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radio
11、graphs of Investment Steel Castings forAerospace Applications43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this standardmay be found in Terminology E1316, Section D.3.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present in thesereference radiographs are described based upon radiographicappea
12、rance. The terms “darker” and “lighter” as used in thisstandard refer to the optical density of a radiographic film.Where other radiographic imaging media are used, these termsshould be understood to refer to areas of greater or lesserradiologic transmission, respectively.3.2.1 Gas:1These reference
13、radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in
14、 2004 as E192 - 04. DOI:10.1520/E0192-04R10E01.2The reference radiographs are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall steelcastings, requiring close tolerances. Such castings generally include those made bythe lost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or shell mold processes.3For referenced ASTM sta
15、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order RRE0192.1Copyright (C) ASTM International. 1
16、00 Barr Harbor Dr. P.O. box C-700 West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959, United StatesCopyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Feb 23 21:44:15 EST 2010Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.3.2.1.1 gas holesround or elon
17、gated, smooth edged darkspots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distributed ran-domly throughout the casting.3.2.2 Shrinkage:3.2.2.1 shrinkage cavity an area with distinct jaggedboundaries.3.2.2.2 shrinkage, spongean area, lacy in texture, with avery diffuse outline.3.2.2.3 shrinkage, dendrit
18、ica distribution of very finelines or small elongated cavities that may vary in darkness andare usually unconnected.3.2.2.4 shrinkage, filamentaryusually a continuous struc-ture of connected lines or branches of variable length, widthand darkness, or occasionally, a network.3.2.3 Heterogeneities:3.2
19、.3.1 foreign material less denseirregularly shaped in-dications darker than the adjacent material, but lighter than gasholes of similar magnitude.3.2.3.2 foreign material more denseirregularly shapedindications lighter than the adjacent material.3.2.4 Discrete Discontinuities:3.2.4.1 hot tearsragged
20、 dark lines of variable width andnumerous branches. They have no definite lines of continuityand may exist in groups. They may originate internally or at thesurface.3.2.4.2 cold cracks straight or jagged lines usually con-tinuous throughout their length. Cold cracks generally appearsingly. They star
21、t at the surface.3.2.4.3 cold shuta distinct dark line or band of variablelength and definite smooth outline.3.2.4.4 misrunsprominent dark areas of variable dimen-sions with a definite smooth outline.3.2.4.5 core shifta variation in wall thickness.3.2.5 defective mold, is illustrated by such common
22、defectsas mold crack, mold ridge, rattail, scab, and fin. Theseconditions appear as areas or lines of different darkness thanthe adjacent material. Illustrations of the defect include:3.2.5.1 mold buckle, positivea lightened irregularlyshaped area lightest near the center and gradually increasing in
23、darkness away from the center.3.2.5.2 mold buckle, negativea darkened irregularlyshaped area darkest near the center and gradually gettinglighter away from the center.3.2.6 Diffraction Pattern:3.2.6.1 columnarfew or many lines or arrays of linearindications that are both darker and lighter than the
24、surround-ing area.3.2.6.2 mottledindistinct areas of darker and lighter im-ages.4. Description4.1 The range of radiographic illustrations is given in Table1. The graded discontinuities are illustrated in eight grades.These grades range from that discernible at a 2-1T quality levelor better to that e
25、vident of poor workmanship and commonlyrejectable in commercial practice.5The ungraded illustrationshave been included to establish the appearance of the radio-graphic indications they represent in thin-wall steel castings.The alloys used are listed in Table 2.5Each grade of a given discontinuity ty
26、pe is contained in an individualapproximate 2 by 234-in. (51 by 70-mm) machined casting block. These blocks wereinserted in steel keeper plates with radiographic characteristics equivalent to thecasting blocks. The assembled plates were then radiographed to obtain the variousgradations shown.TABLE 1
27、 Range of IllustrationIllustrationsIllustrationPlate Thick-ness, in.(mm)Applicable CastingThickness, in. (mm)Graded:Gas holes18 (3.2)14 (6.4) and underGas holes38 (9.5) Over14 to12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclGas holes34 (19) Over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclShrinkage cavity34 (19) All thicknessesShrinkage, s
28、ponge18 (3.2)14 (6.4) and underShrinkage, sponge38 (9.5) Over14 to12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclShrinkage, sponge34 (19) Over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclShrinkage, dendritic18 (3.2)14 (6.4) and underShrinkage, dendritic38 (9.5) Over14 to12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclShrinkage, dendritic34 (19) Over12 to 1 (12.7 to
29、25.4), inclShrinkage, filamentary34 (19) All thicknessesForeign material, less dense18 (3.2)14 (6.4) and underForeign material, less dense38 (9.5) Over14 to12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclForeign material, less dense34 (19) Over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclUngraded:Discrete Discontinuities:Foreign material, mo
30、redense38 (9.5)Hot tear38 (9.5)Cold crack38 (9.5)Cold shut38 (9.5)Misrun38 (9.5)Core shift38 (9.5)Defective Mold:Mold buckle, positive38 (9.5)Mold buckle, negative38 (9.5)Mold ridge38 (9.5)Excess metal in cracked38 (9.5)coreDiffraction pattern:ColumnarMottled38 (9.5)38 (9.5)E192 04 (2010)12Copyright
31、 by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Feb 23 21:44:15 EST 2010Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.4.2 TheASTM penetrameters included on each graded platewere used for contrast and resolution control only, and inaccordance with P
32、ractice E1025. All of the references areoriginal radiographs. The radiographic technique used was inaccordance with Guide E94 and produced a density of from2.00 to 2.25.5. Basis for Application5.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptancestandards in a variety of ways tailored to the sp
33、ecific applica-tion. Application of these reference radiographs as acceptancestandards should be based on the intended use of the productand the following considerations (see Note 2):5.1.1 The discontinuities in the specified reference radio-graph are acceptable in the specified unit area of the cas
34、tingbeing examined. The size of this unit area should be specifiedin the acceptance criteria.5.1.2 Any combination or portion of these radiographs maybe used as is relevant to the particular application. Differentgrades or acceptance limits may be specified for each discon-tinuity type. Furthermore,
35、 different grades may be specified fordifferent regions or zones of a component.5.1.3 Special considerations may be required where morethan one discontinuity type are present in the same area. Anymodifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis ofmultiple discontinuity types must be sp
36、ecified.5.1.4 Where the reference radiographs provide only anungraded illustration of a discontinuity, an acceptance levelmay be specified by referencing a maximum discontinuity size,or a percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated.5.1.5 Where the reference radiograph contains multiplediscontin
37、uities, as in the case of gas holes, acceptance may bebased upon the aggregate size of the discontinuities, maximumdiscontinuity size in the reference radiograph, the spacingbetween discontinuities, or a combination of these and/or othercriteria.5.1.6 As a minimum the acceptance criteria should cont
38、aininformation addressing; zoning of the part (if applicable), themaximum acceptable severity level for each discontinuity type,and the specified area that the reference radiograph is to beapplied.NOTE 2Caution should be exercised in specifying the grade ofdiscontinuity to be met in a casting. Casti
39、ng design coupled with foundrypractice should be considered. It is advisable to consult with themanufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensurethe desired quality level can be achieved.5.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and u
40、se. The extent to which theimage deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in imagequality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wea
41、r and tear, includingscratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interpretation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.6. Keywords6.1 aerospace; discontinuities; investment castings; refer-ence radi
42、ographs; steel; x-rayASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringemen
43、t of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or f
44、or additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views know
45、n to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM
46、 at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 2 Alloys UsedIllustration AlloyGas holes,
47、18 in. (3.2 mm),38 in. (9.5 mm), and34in. (19 mm)4330Foreign material less dense,18 in. (3.2 mm),38 in. (9.5mm) and34 in. (19 mm)4330Shrinkage cavity,34 in. (19 mm)Shrinkage, sponge,18 in. (3.2 mm)4330AMS 5355AShrinkage, sponge,38 in. (9.5 mm) and34 in. (19 mm) 4330Shrinkage, dendritic,18 in. (3.2 m
48、m),38 in. (9.5 mm), and34 in. (19 mm)4330Shrinkage, filamentary,34 in. (19 mm) 4330Foreign material more dense 4330Cold shut ACI HKHot tear 4330Cold crack 4330Misrun 4330Core shift 4330Mold buckle, positive AMS 5382BMold buckle, negative AMS 5360AMold ridge AMS 5382BExcess metal in cracked core ACI CF-8MDiffraction pattern, columnar ACI HKDiffraction pattern, mottled ACI HKE192 04 (2010)13Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Feb 23 21:44:15 EST 2010Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
