1、Designation: E192 13E192 15Standard Reference Radiographs ofInvestment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 The reference radiographs provi
3、ded in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuitiesoccurring in thin-wall steel investment castings.2 Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requiresprocurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate the discontinuity
4、types and severity levels. They are intendedto provide the following:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degreethrough radiographic examination.1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a no
5、menclature for reference in acceptance standards,specifications and drawings.1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:1.2.1 GradedSix common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.1.2.2 UngradedTwelve single illustrations of additiona
6、l discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generallyregarded as discontinuities.1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.1.4 This document may be used where there is no other applicable document existing or for other materi
7、al thicknesses for whichit is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.NOTE 1The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the range from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (812 by 11 in. (216 by 279mm) in a 934 by 1112-in.
8、(248 by 292-mm) ring binder.1.5 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunctmaterials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for thecardboard mats, etc.; how
9、ever, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and allreference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance levelrepresented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference r
10、adiographs remain valid for use with this standardregardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard.1.6 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aerospaceinvestment castings when performing digital
11、 X-ray imaging. When performing digital X-ray imaging of these castings, refer toDigital Reference Image Standard E2660.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for informat
12、ion only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryl
13、imitations prior to use.1 These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02on Reference Radiological Images.Current edition approved June 1, 2013Sept. 1, 2015. Published June 2013September 2
14、015. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20102013 asE192 - 04 (2010)E192 - 13.1. DOI: 10.1520/E0192-13.10.1520/E0192-15.2 The reference radiographs are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall steel castings, requiring close tolerances. Such castings generally include
15、those made by thelost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or shell mold processes.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequate
16、ly depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Inte
17、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used
18、 for RadiologyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2660 Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used
19、 in this standard may be found in Terminology E1316, Section D.3.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present in these reference radiographs are described based upon radiographicappearance.The terms “darker” and “lighter” as used in this standard refer to the optical density of a radiographic fil
20、m.Where otherradiographic imaging media are used, these terms should be understood to refer to areas of greater or lesser radiologic transmission,respectively.3.2.1 Gas:3.2.1.1 gas holesround or elongated, smooth edged dark spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distributed randomlythroughou
21、t the casting.3.2.2 Shrinkage:3.2.2.1 shrinkage cavity an area with distinct jagged boundaries.3.2.2.2 shrinkage, spongean area, lacy in texture, with a very diffuse outline.3.2.2.3 shrinkage, dendritica distribution of very fine lines or small elongated cavities that may vary in darkness and areusu
22、ally unconnected.3.2.2.4 shrinkage, filamentaryusually a continuous structure of connected lines or branches of variable length, width anddarkness, or occasionally, a network.3.2.3 Heterogeneities:3.2.3.1 foreign material less denseirregularly shaped indications darker than the adjacent material, bu
23、t lighter than gas holesof similar magnitude.3.2.3.2 foreign material more denseirregularly shaped indications lighter than the adjacent material.3.2.4 Discrete Discontinuities:3.2.4.1 hot tearsragged dark lines of variable width and numerous branches.They have no definite lines of continuity and ma
24、yexist in groups. They may originate internally or at the surface.3.2.4.2 cold cracks straight or jagged lines usually continuous throughout their length. Cold cracks generally appear singly.They start at the surface.3.2.4.3 cold shuta distinct dark line or band of variable length and definite smoot
25、h outline.3.2.4.4 misrunsprominent dark areas of variable dimensions with a definite smooth outline.3.2.4.5 core shifta variation in wall thickness.3.2.5 defective mold, is illustrated by such common defects as mold crack, mold ridge, rattail, scab, and fin. These conditionsappear as areas or lines
26、of different darkness than the adjacent material. Illustrations of the defect include:3.2.5.1 mold buckle, positivea lightened irregularly shaped area lightest near the center and gradually increasing in darknessaway from the center.3.2.5.2 mold buckle, negativea darkened irregularly shaped area dar
27、kest near the center and gradually getting lighter awayfrom the center.3.2.6 Diffraction Pattern:3.2.6.1 columnarfew or many lines or arrays of linear indications that are both darker and lighter than the surrounding area.3.2.6.2 mottledindistinct areas of darker and lighter images.4. Description4.1
28、 The range of radiographic illustrations is given in Table 1. The graded discontinuities are illustrated in eight grades. Thesegrades range from that discernible at a 2-1T quality level or better to that evident of poor workmanship and commonly rejectablein commercial practice.5 The ungraded illustr
29、ations have been included to establish the appearance of the radiographic indicationsthey represent in thin-wall steel castings. The alloys used are listed in Table 2.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual B
30、ook of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order RRE0192.5 Each grade of a given discontinuity type is contained in an individual approximate 2 by 234-in. (51 by 70-mm) machined casting block. These bl
31、ocks were inserted insteel keeper plates with radiographic characteristics equivalent to the casting blocks. The assembled plates were then radiographed to obtain the various gradations shown.E192 1524.2 The ASTM penetrameters included on each graded plate were used for contrast and resolution contr
32、ol only, and inaccordance with Practice E1025.All of the references are original radiographs. The radiographic technique used was in accordancewith Guide E94 and produced a density from 2.00 to 2.25.TABLE 1 Range of IllustrationIllustrationsIllustrationPlate Thick-ness, in.(mm)Applicable CastingThic
33、kness, in. (mm)Graded:Gas holes 18 (3.2) 14 (6.4) and underGas holes 38 (9.5) Over 14 to 12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclGas holes 34 (19) Over 12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclShrinkage cavity 34 (19) All thicknessesShrinkage, sponge 18 (3.2) 14 (6.4) and underShrinkage, sponge 38 (9.5) Over 14 to 12 (6.4 to 12.7
34、), inclShrinkage, sponge 34 (19) Over 12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclShrinkage, dendritic 18 (3.2) 14 (6.4) and underShrinkage, dendritic 38 (9.5) Over 14 to 12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclShrinkage, dendritic 34 (19) Over 12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclShrinkage, filamentary 34 (19) All thicknessesForeign materia
35、l, less dense 18 (3.2) 14 (6.4) and underForeign material, less dense 38 (9.5) Over 14 to 12 (6.4 to 12.7), inclForeign material, less dense 34 (19) Over 12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), inclUngraded:Discrete Discontinuities:Foreign material, moredense 38 (9.5)Hot tear 38 (9.5)Cold crack 38 (9.5)Cold shut 38
36、 (9.5)Misrun 38 (9.5)Core shift 38 (9.5)Defective Mold:Mold buckle, positive 38 (9.5)Mold buckle, negative 38 (9.5)Mold ridge 38 (9.5)Excess metal in cracked 38 (9.5)coreDiffraction pattern:ColumnarMottled38 (9.5)38 (9.5)TABLE 2 Alloys UsedIllustration AlloyGas holes, 18 in. (3.2 mm), 38 in. (9.5 mm
37、), and 34in. (19 mm)4330Foreign material less dense, 18 in. (3.2 mm), 38 in. (9.5mm) and 34 in. (19 mm)4330Shrinkage cavity, 34 in. (19 mm)Shrinkage, sponge, 18 in. (3.2 mm)4330AMS 5355AShrinkage, sponge, 38 in. (9.5 mm) and 34 in. (19 mm) 4330Shrinkage, dendritic, 18 in. (3.2 mm), 38 in. (9.5 mm),
38、and34 in. (19 mm)4330Shrinkage, filamentary, 34 in. (19 mm) 4330Foreign material more dense 4330Cold shut ACI HKHot tear 4330Cold crack 4330Misrun 4330Core shift 4330Mold buckle, positive AMS 5382BMold buckle, negative AMS 5360AMold ridge AMS 5382BExcess metal in cracked core ACI CF-8MDiffraction pa
39、ttern, columnar ACI HKDiffraction pattern, mottled ACI HKE192 1535. Basis for Application5.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptance standards in a variety of ways tailored to the specific application.Application of these reference radiographs as acceptance standards should be based o
40、n the intended use of the product and thefollowing considerations (see Note 2):5.1.1 The discontinuities in the specified reference radiograph are acceptable in the specified unit area of the casting beingexamined. The size of this unit area should be specified in the acceptance criteria.5.1.2 Any c
41、ombination or portion of these radiographs may be used as is relevant to the particular application. Different gradesor acceptance limits may be specified for each discontinuity type. Furthermore, different grades may be specified for differentregions or zones of a component.5.1.3 Special considerat
42、ions may be required where more than one discontinuity type are present in the same area. Anymodifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis of multiple discontinuity types must be specified.5.1.4 Where the reference radiographs provide only an ungraded illustration of a discontinuity
43、, an acceptance level may bespecified by referencing a maximum discontinuity size, or a percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated.5.1.5 Where the reference radiograph contains multiple discontinuities, as in the case of gas holes, acceptance may be basedupon the aggregate size of the disconti
44、nuities, maximum discontinuity size in the reference radiograph, the spacing betweendiscontinuities, or a combination of these and/or other criteria.5.1.6 As a minimum the acceptance criteria should contain information addressing; zoning of the part (if applicable), themaximum acceptable severity le
45、vel for each discontinuity type, and the specified area that the reference radiograph is to be applied.NOTE 2Caution should be exercised in specifying the grade of discontinuity to be met in a casting. Casting design coupled with foundry practiceshould be considered. It is advisable to consult with
46、the manufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensure the desired quality levelcan be achieved.5.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the imagedeteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions
47、, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are noexception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signsof wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth.Any reference radiographs whic
48、h show signs of excessive wearand tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.6. Keywords6.1 aerospace; discontinuities; investment castings; reference radiographs; steel; x-raySUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee E07 has identified the location of selected cha
49、nges to this standard since the last issue (E192 - 04(2010)E192 - 0131) that may impact the use of this standard. (June(Sept. 1, 2013)2015)(1) Added 1.5.(2) Added E2660ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility
