1、Designation: E284 12Standard Terminology ofAppearance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year o
2、f last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAppearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance inmany arts, industries, and scientific disciplines. Appearance terms are used in
3、 a wide range of ASTMstandards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. Thepurpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition report
4、s existing usage,whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard aretaken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership i
5、n usage.Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (seeReferences), as well as otherASTM terminology standards, have been considered for inclusion in thisterminology standard. An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precisio
6、n,and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement andspecification of appearance.Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in thedescription of appearance,
7、including but not limited to color,gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both mate-rials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources(including visual display units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance that this terminology standard includ
8、e importantterms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not theterms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that arein common use and appear in common-language dictionaries(see Refs (14)2) are generally not included, except when thedictionaries show multiple definitions and it seem
9、s desirable toindicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies con-siderably. In some cases, different usage of a term in differentfields has been noted.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Rel
10、atedProductsC286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel andCeramic-Metal SystemsC460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement4D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,and ApplicationsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products(Saybolt Chromome
11、ter Method)D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Depositsby Chemical MicroscopyD1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System1This t
12、erminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 onTerminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E284 09a. DOI:10
13、.1520/E0284-12.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end oftext.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
14、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
15、 United States.D1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesD1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water4D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-tometryE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Rela
16、ted MaterialsE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterials4E313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and WhitenessIndices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesE349 Terminology Relating to Space SimulationE456 Terminology
17、 Relating to Quality and StatisticsE491 Practice for Solar Simulation for Thermal BalanceTesting of SpacecraftE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics ofRetroreflectorsE903 Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, andTransmittance of
18、Materials Using Integrating Spheres4E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE2175 Practice for Specifying the Geometry of MultiangleSpectrophotomet
19、ersE2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-mance of Color-Measuring InstrumentsF923 Guide to Properties of High Visibility Materials Usedto Improve Individual Safety42.2 Other DocumentsANSI PH2.36 Terms, Symbols, and Notation for OpticalTransmission and Reflection Measurement (Optical
20、 Den-sity)5CIE Publication No. 51 AMethod forAssessing the Qualityof Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry6ISO 13655 Spectral Measurement and Colorimetric Com-putation for Graphic Arts Images7ISO 3664:2000 Viewing Conditions Graphic Technologyand Photography7TAPPI T 452 Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and
21、Paperboard(Directional Reflectance at 457 nm)83. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of ap-pearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM techni-cal committees. Its use by committees other than CommitteeE12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the stand
22、ardsof such committees, is encouraged.3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used inotherASTM standards are indicated by placing the designationof that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition.Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (57) areindicated similarly b
23、y placing in parentheses at the end of thedefinition the acronym of the organization, occasionally withthe date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, asuperscript letter may be used to indicate the degree ofcorrespondence between the definition given herein and that inthe citation. Sup
24、erscript A indicates that the two are identical;B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, withlittle difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differsubstantially.3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of thedefinition gives the revision, if after 1981, in whic
25、h thedefinition was added to this terminology standard or lastrevised.3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed forterms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, theselistings should be considered as recommendations, not asmandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in a
26、notherASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a greatmany terms were relocated to conform to the recommendationof the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) thatlistings be in spoken word order. In general, there are nocr
27、oss-references between the old and new listings, exceptwhere a special function is served. An example of such aspecial function is to list all terms relating to a given basicquantity, for example, all terms defining various sorts ofangles.3.6 This terminology standard adopts the following usage ofce
28、rtain word endings. The ending “ion” denotes a process, as inreflection; “ance” denotes a property of a specimen, as inreflectance; and “ity” denotes a property of the kind of materialof which the specimen is composed, as in reflectivity. Excep-tions exist, as in the common use of illumination and r
29、adiationto refer to quantities as well as processes.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:AATCC blue wool lightfastness standards, nstandarddyed-wool samples of seven grades, each step in the seriesrepresenting a doubling of lightfastness.DISCUSSIONAvailable from the American Association of TextileChemists
30、and Colorists.abridged spectrophotometry, nthe measurement of reflec-tance factor or transmittance factor in a number of wave-length bands rather than as continuous functions of wave-length.DISCUSSIONThe wavelength bands may be isolated by the use of anarray of sensors with a dispersing system or by
31、 the use of narrow-bandfilters.absorbance, A, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocalof the internal transmittance TI. A = log10(1/TI) = log10TI.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Available from U.S. Nat
32、ional Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 PondSt., Salem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.7Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Sw
33、itzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.8Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.E284 122(1990) (E131)Babsorptance a, nthe ratio of the absorbed radiant orluminous flux to the incident flux. CIEAabsorption,
34、nthe transformation of radiant energy to adifferent form of energy by interaction with matter.CIEAabsorption coefficient, a, nmeasure of the absorption ofradiant energy from an incident beam (Po) as it traverses anabsorbing medium according to Bouguers law, P=Poeab,where b is the sample optical path
35、length. (1988) (E131)absorption tinting strength, nrelative change in the absorp-tion properties of a standard white material when a specifiedamount of an absorbing colorant, black or chromatic, isadded to it. (1988a)DISCUSSIONSee the Discussion to masstone.absorptivity, a, nthe absorbance divided b
36、y the product ofthe concentration, c, of the substance and the sample opticalpathlength, b, a = A/bc. The units of b and c shall bespecified. (1988) (E131)Baccuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. (1993)DISCUSSIONThe qualitative term accuracy, when
37、applied to a set ofobserved values, will be a combination of a random precision compo-nent and a systematic error or bias component. Since in routine userandom components and bias components cannot be completely sepa-rated, the reported “accuracy” must be interpreted as a combination ofthese two ele
38、ments. See bias, precision.achromatic, adj(1) for primary light sources, the computedchromaticity of the equal-energy spectrum. (1995)(2) for surface colors, the color of a whitish light, serving asthe illuminant, to which adaptation has taken place in the visualsystem of the observer. (1995)(3) per
39、ceived as having no hue, that is, as white, gray, orblack. CIEBAdams color difference, ncolor difference calculated byusing theAdams-Nickerson opponent-color equations, basedon applying the Munsell Value function to CIE 1931tristimulus values X, Y, Z. (1988)additive color mixture, nsuperposition or
40、other nondestruc-tive combination of lights of different perceived colors.(1995)additive color stimulus mixture, nmethod of simulationthat combines on the retina the actions of various colorstimuli in such a manner that they cannot be perceivedindividually. (1995a) CIEAadditive primaries, nsame as p
41、rimary color stimuli.ambient field, nwhen an object or light source is viewed, thecomplete area beyond the surround from which light mightreach the observers eyes and influence the objects appear-ance. See surround.American Public Health Association (APHA) color, nseeplatinum cobalt color scale.angl
42、e, nsee aperture angle, aperture solid angle, azi-muthal angle, entrance angle, observation angle, rotationangle, specular angle.angle of illumination, nangle between the specimen normaland the illuminator axis. (1991b)angle of incidence, nthe angle between a ray impinging ona surface at a point and
43、 the perpendicular to the surface atthat point. In the description of a beam, the angle ofincidence of the ray at the center of the beam.angle of reflection, nthe angle between a ray reflected froma surface at a point and the perpendicular to the surface atthat point.angle of view, nangle between th
44、e normal to the surface ofthe specimen and the axis of the receiver. (1988a)angle, rotation, nsee rotation angle.angular subtense, nvisual, the angle subtended (by anobject) at the first nodal point of the eye.annular, adjdescriptor for directional illuminating (or view-ing) geometry in which the il
45、luminator provides radiation (orthe receiver possesses responsivity) that is distributed con-tinuously and uniformly throughout the 360 of azimuth ofthe measurement. (See also circumferential.) (1989)(E1164)Aanormal, adjof angles, measured with reference to thenormal to the surface. (2008)anormal an
46、gle, nthe angle subtended at a point on thespecimen by a given ray and the normal. (2009)DISCUSSIONUse the inward normal with transmitted rays; use theoutward normal for other rays. In uniplanar instruments, the “point” isthe point of incidence and the anormal angle is understood to have asign. The
47、anormal angle of an illumination axis is positive or zero. Theanormal angle of a detection axis is negative if the illumination anddetection axes are on opposite sides of the line of the normal andpositive or zero otherwise. (E1767)C,(E2175)Caperture angle, 2k, nangle subtended at a point on aspecim
48、en by the maximum dimension of the illuminator orreceiver, within which the flux in a directional beam iscontained. (1990)DISCUSSIONIn optics, the symbol k is used for the half angle; hencethe recommended symbol here is 2k.aperture mode, ncolor seen through an aperture whichprevents its association
49、with a specific object or source.aperture solid angle, v, nsolid angle subtended at a pointon the specimen, defined by the sum of rays from theilluminator or the sum of directions in which the receiver issensitive to incoming radiation. (1990)aperture stop, nthe physical diameter that limits the size ofthe cone of radiation that an optical system will accept froman axial point on the object. (1988) OSAAappearance, n(1) of an object, the collected visual aspectsof an object or a scene. (2006b)(2) perceived, the visual per
