1、Designation: E284 13aStandard Terminology ofAppearance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year
2、of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAppearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance inmany arts, industries, and scientific disciplines. Appearance terms are used i
3、n a wide range of ASTMstandards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. Thepurpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition repor
4、ts existing usage,whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard aretaken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership
5、in usage.Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (seeReferences), as well as otherASTM terminology standards, have been considered for inclusion in thisterminology standard. An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precisi
6、on,and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement andspecification of appearance.Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in thedescription of appearance,
7、 including but not limited to color,gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both mate-rials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources(including visual display units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance that this terminology standard inclu
8、de importantterms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not theterms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that arein common use and appear in common-language dictionaries(see Refs (14)2) are generally not included, except when thedictionaries show multiple definitions and it see
9、ms desirable toindicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies con-siderably. In some cases, different usage of a term in differentfields has been noted.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Re
10、latedProductsC286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel andCeramic-Metal SystemsC460 Terminology forAsbestos-Cement (Withdrawn 2001)4D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, andApplicationsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
11、(Saybolt Chromometer Method)D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Depositsby Chemical MicroscopyD1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Muns
12、ell SystemD1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 onTerminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally appr
13、ovedin 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E284 13. DOI: 10.1520/E0284-13A.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end oftext.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
14、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr H
15、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn2007)4D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-tometryE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMet
16、als, Ores, and Related MaterialsE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Propertiesof MaterialsE313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and WhitenessIndices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesE349 Terminology Relating to Space Simulati
17、onE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE491 Practice for Solar Simulation for Thermal BalanceTesting of SpacecraftE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics ofRetroreflectorsE903 Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, an
18、dTransmittance of Materials Using Integrating SpheresE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE2175 Practice for Specifying the Geometry of Multian
19、gleSpectrophotometersE2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-mance of Color-Measuring InstrumentsF923 Guide to Properties of High Visibility Materials Usedto Improve Individual Safety (Withdrawn 2006)42.2 Other Documents:ANSI PH2.36 Terms, Symbols, and Notation for OpticalTransmission
20、 and Reflection Measurement (Optical Den-sity)5CIE Publication No. 51 A Method for Assessing the Qualityof Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry6ISO 13655 Spectral Measurement and Colorimetric Compu-tation for Graphic Arts Images7ISO 3664:2000 Viewing Conditions Graphic Technologyand Photography7TAPPI
21、 T 452 Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard(Directional Reflectance at 457 nm)83. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of ap-pearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM techni-cal committees. Its use by committees other than CommitteeE12 on Color and App
22、earance, and its citation in the standardsof such committees, is encouraged.3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used inotherASTM standards are indicated by placing the designationof that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition.Definitions used by other organizations (
23、see Refs (57) areindicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of thedefinition the acronym of the organization, occasionally withthe date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, asuperscript letter may be used to indicate the degree ofcorrespondence between the definition giv
24、en herein and that inthe citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical;B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, withlittle difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differsubstantially.3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of thedefinition give
25、s the revision, if after 1981, in which thedefinition was added to this terminology standard or lastrevised.3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed forterms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, theselistings should be considered as recommendations, not asmandatory. If a di
26、fferent symbol or acronym is used in anotherASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a greatmany terms were relocated to conform to the recommendationof the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) thatlistings be in spoken
27、word order. In general, there are nocross-references between the old and new listings, exceptwhere a special function is served. An example of such aspecial function is to list all terms relating to a given basicquantity, for example, all terms defining various sorts ofangles.3.6 This terminology st
28、andard adopts the following usage ofcertain word endings. The ending “ion” denotes a process, as inreflection; “ance” denotes a property of a specimen, as inreflectance; and “ity” denotes a property of the kind of materialof which the specimen is composed, as in reflectivity. Excep-tions exist, as i
29、n the common use of illumination and radiationto refer to quantities as well as processes.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:AATCC blue wool lightfastness standards, nstandarddyed-wool samples of seven grades, each step in the seriesrepresenting a doubling of lightfastness.DISCUSSIONAvailable from the Am
30、erican Association of TextileChemists and Colorists.abridged spectrophotometry, nthe measurement of reflec-tance factor or transmittance factor in a number of wave-length bands rather than as continuous functions of wave-length.DISCUSSIONThe wavelength bands may be isolated by the use of anarray of
31、sensors with a dispersing system or by the use of narrow-bandfilters.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas
32、 M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 PondSt., Salem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.7Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.8Available from Technical Association of the Pulp an
33、d Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.E284 13a2absorbance, A, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal ofthe internal transmittance TI. A = log10(1/TI) = log10TI.(1990) (E131)Babsorptance , nthe ratio of the absorbed radiant or lumi-nous flu
34、x to the incident flux. CIEAabsorption, nthe transformation of radiant energy to adifferent form of energy by interaction with matter. CIEAabsorption coefficient, , nmeasure of the absorption ofradiant energy from an incident beam (Po) as it traverses anabsorbing medium according to Bouguers law, P
35、= Poeb,where b is the sample optical pathlength. (1988) (E131)absorption tinting strength, nrelative change in the absorp-tion properties of a standard white material when a specifiedamount of an absorbing colorant, black or chromatic, isadded to it. (1988a)DISCUSSIONSee the Discussion to masstone.a
36、bsorptivity, a, nthe absorbance divided by the product ofthe concentration, c, of the substance and the sample opticalpathlength, b, a = A/bc. The units of band cshall be speci-fied. (1988) (E131)Baccuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. (1993)DISCU
37、SSIONThe qualitative term accuracy, when applied to a set ofobserved values, will be a combination of a random precision compo-nent and a systematic error or bias component. Since in routine userandom components and bias components cannot be completelyseparated, the reported “accuracy” must be inter
38、preted as a combinationof these two elements. See bias, precision.achromatic, adj(1) for primary light sources, the computedchromaticity of the equal-energy spectrum. (1995)(2) for surface colors, the color of a whitish light, servingas the illuminant, to which adaptation has taken place in thevisua
39、l system of the observer. (1995)(3) perceived as having no hue, that is, as white, gray, orblack. CIEBAdams color difference, ncolor difference calculated byusing theAdams-Nickerson opponent-color equations, basedon applying the Munsell Value function to CIE 1931tristimulus values X, Y, Z. (1988)add
40、itive color mixture, nsuperposition or other nondestruc-tive combination of lights of different perceived colors.(1995)additive color stimulus mixture, nmethod of simulationthat combines on the retina the actions of various colorstimuli in such a manner that they cannot be perceivedindividually. (19
41、95a) CIEAadditive primaries, nsame as primary color stimuli.ambient field, nwhen an object or light source is viewed, thecomplete area beyond the surround from which light mightreach the observers eyes and influence the objects appear-ance. See surround.American Public Health Association (APHA) colo
42、r, nseeplatinum cobalt color scale.angle, nsee aperture angle, aperture solid angle, azi-muthal angle, entrance angle, observation angle, rotationangle, specular angle.angle of illumination, nangle between the specimen normaland the illuminator axis. (1991b)angle of incidence, nthe angle between a r
43、ay impinging ona surface at a point and the perpendicular to the surface atthat point. In the description of a beam, the angle ofincidence of the ray at the center of the beam.angle of reflection, nthe angle between a ray reflected froma surface at a point and the perpendicular to the surface atthat
44、 point.angle of view, nangle between the normal to the surface ofthe specimen and the axis of the receiver and (1988a); seealso viewing angle (2). (2013)angle, rotation, nsee rotation angle.angular subtense, nvisual, the angle subtended (by anobject) at the first nodal point of the eye.annular, adjd
45、escriptor for directional illuminating (or view-ing) geometry in which the illuminator provides radiation (orthe receiver possesses responsivity) that is distributed con-tinuously and uniformly throughout the 360 of azimuth ofthe measurement. (See also circumferential.) (1989)(E1164)Aanormal, adjof
46、angles, measured with reference to thenormal to the surface. (2008)anormal angle, nthe angle subtended at a point on thespecimen by a given ray and the normal. (2009)DISCUSSIONUse the inward normal with transmitted rays; use theoutward normal for other rays. In uniplanar instruments, the “point” ist
47、he point of incidence and the anormal angle is understood to have asign. The anormal angle of an illumination axis is positive or zero. Theanormal angle of a detection axis is negative if the illumination anddetection axes are on opposite sides of the line of the normal andpositive or zero otherwise
48、. (E1767)C,(E2175)Caperture angle, 2, nangle subtended at a point on aspecimen by the maximum dimension of the illuminator orreceiver, within which the flux in a directional beam iscontained. (1990)DISCUSSIONIn optics, the symbol is used for the half angle; hencethe recommended symbol here is 2.aper
49、ture mode, ncolor seen through an aperture whichprevents its association with a specific object or source.aperture solid angle, , nsolid angle subtended at a point onthe specimen, defined by the sum of rays from the illumi-nator or the sum of directions in which the receiver issensitive to incoming radiation. (1990)aperture stop, nthe physical diameter that limits the size ofthe cone of radiation that an optical system will accept froman axial point on the object. (1988) OSAAappearance, n(1) of an object, the col
