1、Designation: E284 13bE284 17Standard Terminology ofAppearance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates th
2、e year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAppearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance inmany arts, industries, and scientific disciplines. Appearance terms are
3、 used in a wide range of ASTMstandards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. Thepurpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definitio
4、n reports existing usage,whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard aretaken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of lead
5、ership in usage.Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (seeReferences), as well as otherASTM terminology standards, have been considered for inclusion in thisterminology standard. An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity,
6、precision,and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement andspecification of appearance.Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of app
7、earance, including but not limited to color, gloss,opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visualdisplay units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standa
8、rd include important termsand definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in commonuse and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (12)2) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries showmultiple definitions
9、and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fieldshas been noted.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with international
10、ly recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C242 Terminolog
11、y of Ceramic Whitewares and Related ProductsC286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal SystemsC460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement (Withdrawn 2001)41 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subc
12、ommittee E12.01 on Terminology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013May 1, 2017. Published December 2013July 2017. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2013 asE284 13a.E284 13b. DOI: 10.1520/E0284-13B.10.1520/E0284-17.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of
13、 references at the end of text.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of
14、 this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes
15、accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
16、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and ApplicationsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)D883 Terminology Relating to Plas
17、ticsD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent PlasticsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical MicroscopyD1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell SystemD1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Deri
18、vativesD1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn 2007)4D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by ReflectometryE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE179 Guide for Selection of Geomet
19、ric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of MaterialsE313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesE349 Terminology Relating to Space SimulationE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE491 Pract
20、ice for Solar Simulation for Thermal Balance Testing of SpacecraftE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of RetroreflectorsE903 Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Materials Using Integrating SpheresE1164 P
21、ractice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of MaterialsE2175 Practice for Specifying the Geometry of Multiangle SpectrophotometersE2214 Practice for Specifying and Veri
22、fying the Performance of Color-Measuring InstrumentsF923 Guide to Properties of High Visibility Materials Used to Improve Individual Safety (Withdrawn 2006)42.2 Other Documents:ANSI PH2.36 Terms, Symbols, and Notation for Optical Transmission and Reflection Measurement (Optical Density)5CIE Publicat
23、ion No. 51 A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry6ISO 13655 Spectral Measurement and Colorimetric Computation for Graphic Arts Images7ISO 3664:2000 Viewing Conditions Graphic Technology and Photography7TAPPI T 452 Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard (Directio
24、nal Reflectance at 457 nm)83. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technicalcommittees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of suchcommittee
25、s, is encouraged.3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designationof that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (34) are indicatedsimilarly by placing in paren
26、theses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of itsterminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between thedefinition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indi
27、cates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is amodification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the defini
28、tion wasadded to this terminology standard or last revised.3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listingsshould be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another AS
29、TM standard,this should be indicated in that standard.3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation ofthe Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-re
30、ferences5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6 Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commission on Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 Pond St.,Sa
31、lem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.http:/www.cie.co.at or http:/.7 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.8 Available from TechnicalTechnologicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Indu
32、stry (TAPPI), 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, Suite 115, Peachtree Corners, GA30092, http:/www.tappi.org.E284 172between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list allterms relating to a given basic quantity, for examp
33、le, all terms defining various sorts of angles.3.6 This terminology standard adopts the following usage of certain word endings. The ending “ion” denotes a process, as inreflection; “ance” denotes a property of a specimen, as in reflectance; and “ity” denotes a property of the kind of material of wh
34、ichthe specimen is composed, as in reflectivity. Exceptions exist, as in the common use of illumination and radiation to refer toquantities as well as processes.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:AATCC blue wool lightfastness standards, nstandard dyed-wool samples of seven grades, each step in the series
35、 representinga doubling of lightfastness.DISCUSSIONAvailable from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.abridged spectrophotometry, nthe measurement of reflectance factor or transmittance factor in a number of wavelength bandsrather than as continuous functions of wavelength.DIS
36、CUSSIONThe wavelength bands may be isolated by the use of an array of sensors with a dispersing system or by the use of narrow-band filters.absorbance, A,nlogarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the internal transmittance TI.A = log10 (1/TI) = log10TI. (1990)(E131)Babsorptance ,nthe ratio of t
37、he absorbed radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux. CIEAabsorption, nthe transformation of radiant energy to a different form of energy by interaction with matter. CIEAabsorption coefficient, ,nmeasure of the absorption of radiant energy from an incident beam (Po) as it traverses an absorbing
38、medium according to BouguersBouguers law, P = PP = Poeoebb, where b is the sample optical pathlength. (1988) (E131)absorption tinting strength, nrelative change in the absorption properties of a standard white material when a specified amountof an absorbing colorant, black or chromatic, is added to
39、it. (1988a)DISCUSSIONSee the Discussion to masstone.absorptivity, a,nthe absorbance divided by the product of the concentration, c, of the substance and the sample opticalpathlength, b, a = A bc. The units of b and c shall be specified. (1988) (E131)Baccuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a t
40、est result and an accepted reference value. (1993)DISCUSSIONThe qualitative term accuracy, when applied to a set of observed values, will be a combination of a random precision component and a systematic erroror bias component. Since in routine use random components and bias components cannot be com
41、pletely separated, the reported “accuracy” must beinterpreted as a combination of these two elements. See bias, precision.achromatic, adj(1) for primary light sources, the computed chromaticity of the equal-energy spectrum. (1995)(2) for surface colors, the color of a whitish light, serving as the i
42、lluminant, to which adaptation has taken place in the visualsystem of the observer. (1995)(3) perceived as having no hue, that is, as white, gray, or black. CIEBAdams color difference, ncolor difference calculated by using the Adams-Nickerson opponent-color equations, based onapplying the Munsell Va
43、lue function to CIE 1931 tristimulus values X, Y, Z. (1988)additive color mixture, nsuperposition or other nondestructive combination of lights of different perceived colors. (1995)additive color stimulus mixture, nmethod of simulation that combines on the retina the actions of various color stimuli
44、 in sucha manner that they cannot be perceived individually. (1995a) CIE Aadditive primaries,nsame as primary color stimuli.E284 173ambient field, nwhen an object or light source is viewed, the complete area beyond the surround from which light might reachthe observers eyes and influence the objects
45、 appearance. See surround.American Public Health Association (APHA) color,nsee platinum cobalt color scale.angle,nsee aperture angle, aperture solid angle, azimuthal angle, entrance angle, observation angle, rotation angle,specular angle.angle of illumination, nangle between the specimen normal and
46、the illuminator axis. (1991b)angle of incidence, nthe angle between a ray impinging on a surface at a point and the perpendicular to the surface at that point.In the description of a beam, the angle of incidence of the ray at the center of the beam.angle of reflection, nthe angle between a ray refle
47、cted from a surface at a point and the perpendicular to the surface at that point.angle of view, nangle between the normal to the surface of the specimen and the axis of the receiver and (1988a); see alsoviewing angle (2). (2013)angle, rotation,nsee rotation angle.angular subtense, nvisual, the angl
48、e subtended (by an object) at the first nodal point of the eye.annular, adjdescriptor for directional illuminating (or viewing) geometry in which the illuminator provides radiation (or thereceiver possesses responsivity) that is distributed continuously and uniformly throughout the 360 of azimuth of
49、 themeasurement. (See also circumferential.) (1989) (E1164)Aanormal, adjof angles, measured with reference to the normal to the surface. (2008)anormal angle, nthe angle subtended at a point on the specimen by a given ray and the normal. (2009)DISCUSSIONUse the inward normal with transmitted rays; use the outward normal for other rays. In uniplanar instruments, the “point” is the point of incidenceand the anormal angle is understood to have a sign. The anormal angle of an illumination axis is positive
