1、Designation: E84 11An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E84; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response stand
3、ard for the comparativesurface burning behavior of building materials is applicable toexposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test isconducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with thesurface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignitionsource. The material, product, or assembl
4、y shall be capable ofbeing mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, thespecimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structuralquality, held in place by added supports along the test surface,or secured from the back side.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine therelativ
5、e burning behavior of the material by observing theflame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smokedeveloped index are reported. However, there is not necessarilya relationship between these two measurements.1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of thetest specimen has the abil
6、ity to lower the flame spread indexfrom those which might be obtained if the specimen could betested without such support. These test results do not neces-sarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials withoutsuch support.1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate tosuch a degre
7、e that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed,results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly toindices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
8、conversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of
9、 the standard.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies unde
10、ractual fire conditions1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
11、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) SteelPoultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4444 T
12、est Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersE69 Test Method for Combustible Properties of TreatedWood by the Fire-Tube ApparatusE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of TreatedW
13、ood by the Crib Test3E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE286 Method of Test for Surface Flammability of BuildingMaterials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace3E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting
14、ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTextile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) Wall orCeiling Coverings to Assess Surface Burning Characteris-tics1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
15、mittee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved June 15, 2011. Published July 2011. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E84 10b. DOI:10.1520/E0084-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
16、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Co
17、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofSite-Fabricated Stretch Systems toAssess Surface BurningCharacteristicsE2579 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofWood Pr
18、oducts to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofReflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl StretchCeiling Materials for Building Applications to AssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE2688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTa
19、pes to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics2.2 NFPA Standards:4NFPA 262 Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel andSmoke of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-HandlingSpaces (2007)2.3 UL Standards5UL 1820 Standard for Safety for Fire Test of PneumaticTubing for Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)
20、UL 1887 Standard for Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler Pipe forVisible Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 2024 Standard for Safety for Optical Fiber and Com-munication Cable Raceway (2004)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology E176. The
21、term flame spreadindex from Terminology E176 is of particular interest to thisstandard and is defined in 3.1.1.3.1.1 flame spread index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from observationsmade during the progress of the boundary of a zone of flameunder defined test
22、conditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke developed index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from smoke obscu-ration data collected during the test for surface burningcharacteristics.3.2.2 surface flame spread, nthe propagation of a f
23、lameaway from the source of ignition across the surface of thespecimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide only compara-tive measurements of surface flame spread and smoke densitymeasurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the s
24、pecific fire exposure condi-tions described herein.4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32-m) longby 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow andflaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along theentire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 512 min.4.3 This
25、 test method does not provide for the following:4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the testedsurface.4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of anassembly resulting from the proximity of combustible wallsand ceilings.4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible
26、,by means of a flame spread index by itself.5. Apparatus5.1 Fire Test ChamberSee Figs. 1-5.5.1.1 The fire test chamber is a rectangular horizontal ductwith a removable lid. The inside dimensions are as follows:Width: 1734 614 in. (451 6 6.3 mm) measured between the topledges along the side walls, an
27、d 1758 638 in. (448 6 10mm) at all other points.Depth: 12 612 in. (305 6 13 mm) measured from the bottom ofthe test chamber to the top of the ledges on which thespecimen is supported. This measurement includes the18in. (3.2 mm) thickness of the 112 in. (38 mm) wide wovenfiberglass gasket tape.Length
28、: 25 ft 6 3 in. (7.62 m 6 76 mm).5.1.2 The sides and base of the chamber shall be lined withan insulating firebrick with the dimensions of 412 in. by 9 in.by 212 in. thick as illustrated in Fig. 2. The insulating firebrickshall have the following properties:Maximum Recommended Temperature 2600F (142
29、7C)Bulk Density 48 6 3 lb/ft3(0.77 6 0.046 g/cm3)Thermal Conductivity at MeanTemperature ofBtuin./hft2F W/mC500F (260C) 1.6 0.231000F (538C) 1.9 0.271500F (815C) 2.2 0.322000F (1093C) 2.6 0.375.1.3 One side of the chamber shall be provided with doubleobservation windows6with the inside pane flush mo
30、unted (seeFig. 2). Exposed inside glass shall be 234 638 by11+1,2in. (70 6 10 by 279 + 25 50 mm). The centerline of theexposed area of the inside glass shall be in the upper half of thefurnace wall, with the upper edge not less than 2.5 in. (63 mm)below the furnace ledge. The window shall be located
31、 such thatnot less than 12 in. (305 mm) of the specimen width can beobserved. Multiple windows shall be located along the tunnelso that the entire length of the test sample is observable fromoutside the fire chamber. The windows shall be pressure tightin accordance with 7.2 and 7.2.1.5.1.4 The ledge
32、s shall be fabricated of structural materials7capable of withstanding the abuse of continuous testing. Theledges shall be level with respect to the length and width of thechamber and each other. The ledges shall be maintained in astate of repair commensurate with the frequency, volume, andseverity o
33、f testing occurring at any time.5.1.5 Lid:5.1.5.1 The lid shall consist of a removable noncombustiblemetal and mineral composite structure as shown in Fig. 2 andof a size necessary to cover completely the fire test chamberand the test samples. The lid shall be maintained in anunwarped and flat condi
34、tion. When in place, the lid shall be4Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Battery March Park,Quincy, MA 02169.5Available from Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL60062.6Heat-resistant glass, high-silica, 100 % silica glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen foun
35、d suitable for the interior pane. Borosilicate glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen found suitable for the exterior pane.7High-temperature furnace refractory. Zirconium silicate, or water-cooled steeltubing have been found suitable for this purpose.E84112completely sealed to prevent air leakage into t
36、he fire testchamber during the test.5.1.5.2 The lid shall be insulated with a minimal thicknessof 2 in. (51 mm) castable insulation or mineral compositematerial having physical characteristics comparable to thefollowing:Maximum effective use temperature ofat least: 1200F (650C)Bulk density 21 lb/ft3
37、(336 kg/m3)Thermal conductivity at 300 to 700F(149 to 371C)0.50 to 0.71 Btuin./hft2F (0.072 to0.102 W/mK)5.1.5.3 The entire lid assembly shall be protected with flatsections of nominal14-in. (6.3-mm) fiber-cement board meet-ing the properties of Annex A3. This protective board shall bemaintained in
38、sound condition through continued replacement.The protective board is to be secured to the furnace lid or placeon the back side of the test specimen.5.1.6 Gas Burners:5.1.6.1 One end of the test chamber shall be designated asthe “fire end”. This fire end shall be provided with two gasburners deliver
39、ing flames upward against the surface of the testsample (see Fig. 2). The burners shall be spaced 12 in. (305mm) from the fire end of the test chamber, and 712 612 in.(190 6 13 mm) below the under surface of the test sample. Gasto the burners shall be provided through a single inlet pipe,distributed
40、 to each port burner through a tee-section. The outletshall be a34 in. NPT elbow. The plane of the port shall beparallel to the furnace floor, such that the gas is directedupward toward the specimen. Each port shall be positionedwith its centerline 4 612 in. (102 6 13 mm) on each side ofthe centerli
41、ne of the furnace so that the flame is distributedevenly over the width of the exposed specimen surface (seeFig. 2).5.1.6.2 The controls used to assure constant flow of gas tothe burners during period of use shall consist of a pressureregulator, a gas meter constructed to read in increments of notmo
42、re than 0.1 ft3(2.8 L), a manometer to indicate gas pressurein inches of water, a quick-acting gas shut-off valve, and a gasmetering valve.5.1.7 Air Intake:5.1.7.1 An air intake shutter shall be located 54 6 5 in.(1372 6 127 mm) upstream of the burner, as measured fromthe burner centerline to the ou
43、tside surface of the shutter (seeFig. 1). The air intake is to be fitted with a vertically slidingshutter extending the entire width of the test chamber. Theshutter shall be positioned so as to provide an air inlet port 3 6116 in. (76 6 2 mm) high measured from the floor level of thetest chamber at
44、the air intake point.5.1.7.2 To provide air turbulance for proper combustion,turbulance baffling shall be provided by positioning six refrac-tory firebricks (as defined in 5.1.2) along the side walls of thechamber. With the long dimension vertical, 412 in. (114-mm)dimension along the wall, place the
45、 bricks as follows from thecenterline of the burner ports:On the window side at 7, 12, and 20 612 ft (2.1, 3.7, and 6.1 6 0.2 m)On the opposite side at 412 ,912 , and 16 612 ft (1.3, 2.9, and 4.9 6 0.2 m)5.1.7.3 The movement of air shall be by an induced draftsystem having a total draft capacity of
46、at least 0.15 in. (3.8mm) water column with the sample in place, the shutter at thefire end open the normal 3 6116 in. (76 6 2 mm), and thedamper in the wide open position. A draft gage tap to indicatestatic pressure shall be inserted through the top at the midwidthof the tunnel, 1 6 0.5 in. (25 6 1
47、2 mm) below the ceiling, 156 0.5 in. (381 6 12 mm) downstream from the inlet shutter(see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Test Furnace, Showing Some Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E841135.1.8 Exhaust End:5.1.8.1 The other end of the test chamber is designated asthe exhaust end. The exhaust end shall
48、be fitted with a gradualrectangular-to-round transition piece, not less than 20 in. (508mm) in length, with a cross-sectional area of not less than 200in.2(1290 cm2) at any point (see Fig. 3).5.1.8.2 The transition piece shall in turn be fitted to a 16 in.(406 mm) diameter duct pipe. A typical duct
49、system shown inFig. 4 contains two 90 elbows (see Fig. 5) with the exhaustduct running beside the fire test chamber. In order to complywith this typical design, the vertical centerline of the exhaustduct system is identical to that of the fire test chamber.5.1.8.3 The exhaust duct is to be insulated with at least 2 in.(51 mm) of high temperature mineral composition materialfrom the exhaust end of the fire chamber to the photometerlocation.5.1.8.4 An exhaust fan shall be installed at the end of theexhaust duct. The air flow
