1、Designation: E1067/E1067M 18Standard Practice forAcoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass ReinforcedPlastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1067/E1067M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examina-tion or monitoring of fiberglass-
3、reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks-vessels (equipment) under pressure or vacuum to determinestructural integrity.1.2 This practice is limited to tanks-vessels designed tooperate at an internal pressure no greater than 1.73 MPaabsolute 250 psia, 17.3 bar above the static pressure due tothe internal conte
4、nts. It is also applicable for tanks-vesselsdesigned for vacuum service with differential pressure levelsbetween 0 and 0.10 MPa 0 and 14.5 psi, 1 bar.1.3 This practice is limited to tanks-vessels with glasscontents greater than 15 % by weight.1.4 This practice applies to examinations of new and in-s
5、ervice equipment.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conf
6、ormancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory
7、 limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organiz
8、ation TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD5436 Specification for Cast Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)Plastic Rods, Tubes, and ShapesE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE650 Guide for Mountin
9、g Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentationE1106 Test Method for Primary Calibration of AcousticEmission SensorsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-SensorResponse Using an
10、Acrylic RodE1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration ofAcoustic Emis-sion SensorsE2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System PerformanceVerification2.2 ANSI/ASNT Standards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification3ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qua
11、lification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.3 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructivePersonnel (Quality Assurance Committee)42.4 ISO Standard:ISO 9712 Non-Destructive TestingQualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personnel1This practice is unde
12、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission Method.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1067/E1067M 11
13、.DOI: 10.1520/E1067-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for No
14、ndestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears
15、 at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
16、 for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 Complete definitions of terms related to plastics andacoustic emission will be found in Terminology D883 andE1316.3.2 Defin
17、itions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 FRPfiberglass reinforced plastic, a glass-fiber poly-mer composite with certain mechanical properties superior tothose of the base resin.3.2.2 operating pressurethe pressure at the top of a vesselat which it normally operates. It shall not exceed the d
18、esignpressure and it is usually kept at a suitable level below thesetting of the pressure-relieving devices to prevent theirfrequent opening.3.2.3 pressure, designthe pressure used in design to de-termine the required minimum thicknesses and minimummechanical properties.3.2.4 processora circuit that
19、 analyzes AE waveforms.(See Section 7 and A1.8.)3.2.5 summing amplifier (summer, mixer)an operationalamplifier that produces an output signal equal to a weightedsum of the input signals.3.2.6 zonethe area surrounding a sensor from which AEcan be detected by that sensor.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This
20、 practice consists of subjecting equipment to in-creasing pressure or vacuum while monitoring with sensorsthat are sensitive to acoustic emission (transient stress waves)caused by growing flaws. The instrumentation and techniquesfor sensing and analyzing AE data are described.4.2 This practice provi
21、des guidelines to determine the loca-tion and severity of structural flaws in FRP equipment.4.3 This practice provides guidelines forAE examination ofFRP equipment within the pressure range stated in 1.2.Maximum test pressure (or vacuum) for an FRP vessel will bedetermined upon agreement among user,
22、 manufacturer, or testagency, or a combination thereof. Pressure vessels will nor-mally be tested to 1.1 operating pressure. Atmospheric stor-age vessels and vacuum vessels will normally be tested undermaximum operating conditions. Vessels will normally be testedat ambient temperature. In the case o
23、f elevated operatingtemperature the test may be performed either at operating orambient temperature. The test temperature must be below theglass transition temperature of the resin.5. Significance and Use5.1 The AE examination method detects damage in FRPequipment. The damage mechanisms that are det
24、ected in FRPare as follows: resin cracking, fiber debonding, fiber pullout,fiber breakage, delamination, and bond failure in assembledjoints (for example, nozzles, manways, and so forth). Flaws inunstressed areas and flaws that are structurally insignificantwill not generate AE.5.2 This practice is
25、convenient for on-line use under oper-ating stress to determine structural integrity of in-serviceequipment usually with minimal process disruption.5.3 Indications located with AE should be examined byother techniques; for example, visual, ultrasound, dyepenetrant, and so forth, and may be repaired
26、and tested asappropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outsidethe scope of this practice.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this practice:6.2 Personnel Qualification:6.2.1 If specified in the contractu
27、al agreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally or internationally recognizedNDT personnel qualification practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or asimilar document and certified by the employer or
28、 certifyingagency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and itsapplicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as
29、 described in Practice E543. The applicableedition of Practice E543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and tech-niques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractualagreement.6.5 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparatio
30、n criteria shall be in accordance with 9.2 unlessotherwise specified.6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria for the examination results shall be in accordance withSection 13 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteriaare not specified in this practice, they shall be
31、specified in thecontractual agreement.7. Instrumentation7.1 The AE instrumentation consists of sensors, signalprocessors, and recording equipment. Additional informationon AE instrumentation can be found in Practice E750.7.2 Instrumentation shall be capable of recording AE hits,signal strength and h
32、it duration and have sufficient channels tolocalize AE sources in real time. It may incorporate (as anoption) peak-amplitude detection for each input channel or forgroups of channels. Hit detection is required for each channel.An AE hit amplitude measurement is recommended for sensi-tivity verificat
33、ion (see Annex A2). Amplitude distributions arerecommended for flaw characterization. It is preferred that AEinstrumentation acquire and record duration hit and amplitudeinformation on a per channel basis. The AE instrumentation isfurther described in Annex A1.7.3 Capability for measuring parameters
34、 such as time andpressure shall be provided. The pressure-vacuum in the vesselshould be continuously monitored to an accuracy of 62%ofthe maximum test value.E1067/E1067M 1827.4 Lockouts and Guard SensorsThese techniques shallnot be used.7.5 Instrument Displays- The instrumentation shall becapable of
35、 providing the following real time displays:7.5.1 Bar Chart by Channel of Cumulative SignalStrengthEnables the examiner to identify which channel isrecording the most data.7.5.2 Amplitude per Hit Versus TimeProvides the exam-iner with early warning of an impending failure (see Reference(1).7.5.3 Dur
36、ation per Hit Versus TimeUseful for identifyingrubbing or sliding (see Reference (1).7.5.4 Log Duration (or Counts) per Hit Versus Amplitudeper HitHelps the examiner determine the presence of falseemission signals (see Reference (1).7.5.5 Cumulative Signal Strength per Channel VersusTimeUseful for i
37、dentifying certain types of instrument mal-functions; for example, continuous electronic noise will pro-duce a characteristically steady rise with time, unlike thestepwise rise associated with natural AE.7.6 Cumulative Amplitude Distribution, or a tabular listingby channel number of total hits equal
38、 to and greater thandefined amplitude values. Tabular amplitude values shall be inincrements of not greater than 5 dB and shall be for at least a35 dB range beginning at the threshold.These displays are usedto provide warning of significant fiber breakage of the type thatcan lead to sudden structura
39、l failure. The displays also provideinformation about the micromechanisms giving rise to theemission and warn of potential instrument malfunction.8. Examination Preparations8.1 SafetyAll plant safety requirements unique to theexamination location shall be met.8.1.1 Protective clothing and equipment
40、that is normallyrequired in the area in which the examination is beingconducted shall be worn.8.1.2 A fire permit may be needed to use the electronicinstrumentation.8.1.3 Precautions shall be taken to protect against theconsequences of catastrophic failure when pressure testing, forexample, flying d
41、ebris and impact of escaping liquid. Pressur-izing under pneumatic conditions is not recommended exceptwhen normal service loads include either a superposed gaspressure or gas pressure only. Care shall be taken to avoidoverstressing the lower section of the vessel when liquid testloads are used to s
42、imulate operating gas pressures.8.1.4 Special safety precautions shall be taken when pneu-matic testing is required; for example, safety valves, and soforth.8.2 Vessel ConditioningThe operating conditions for ves-sels that have been stressed previously shall be reduced prior toexamining in accordanc
43、e with the schedule shown in Table 1.Table 1 is used as follows. The planned reduced pressure isexpressed as a percentage of the maximum operating pressureor load in the vessel during the past year (the latter must beknown in order to conduct the AE examination properly).Looking for this percentage
44、in the first column of Table 1, thecorresponding row in the second column shows the time thatmust be spent at the reduced pressure, to condition the vesselprior to making an AE test. When the percentage falls betweentwo values in the first column, the higher value is used.8.3 Vessel StressingArrange
45、ments should be made tostress the vessel as prescribed in 4.3. The stress rate shall besufficient to expedite the examination with minimum extrane-ous noise. Holding stress levels is a key aspect of an acousticemission examination. Accordingly, provision must be madefor holding the pressure-load at
46、designated check points.8.3.1 Atmospheric TanksProcess liquid is the preferred fillmedium for atmospheric tanks. If water must replace theprocess liquid, the designer and user shall be in agreement onthe procedure to achieve acceptable stress levels.8.3.2 Vacuum-Tank StressingA controllable vacuum-p
47、ump system is required for vacuum tanks.8.3.3 Pressure-Vessel StressingWater is the preferred me-dium for pressure tanks. Safe means for hydraulically increas-ing the pressure under controlled conditions shall be provided.8.4 Tank SupportThe tank shall be examined in its oper-ating position and supp
48、orted in a manner consistent with goodinstallation practice. Flat-bottomed tanks examined in otherthan the intended location shall be mounted on a pad (forexample, rubber on a concrete base or equivalent) to reducestructure-borne noise between the tank and base.8.5 EnvironmentalThe normal minimum ac
49、ceptable ves-sel wall temperature is 4C 40F.8.6 Noise ReductionNoise sources in the examinationfrequency and amplitude range, such as rain, spargers, andforeign objects contacting the tank, must be minimized sincethey mask the AE signals emanating from the structure. Theinlet should be at the lowest nozzle or as near to the bottom ofthe vessel as possible, that is, below the liquid level. Liquidfalling, swirling, or splashing can invalidate data obtainedduring the filling phase. However, this needs to be addressedby appropriate data filteri
