1、Designation: E1164 121Standard Practice forObtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEA typo in Reference 3 was editorially corrected in August 2016.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a reflec
3、ting or transmitting object is to obtainspectrometric data for specified illuminating and viewing conditions, and from these data to computetristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer anda CIE standard illuminant. The considerations involved and the
4、 procedures used to obtain precisespectrometric data are contained in this practice. The values and procedures for computing CIEtristimulus values from spectrometric data are contained in Practice E308. Considerations regardingthe selection of appropriate illuminating and viewing geometries are cont
5、ained in Guide E179.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurementrequirements, calibration procedures, and material standardsneeded to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colorsof objects.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specifiedwhen spectrometric measu
6、rements are required in specificmethods, practices, or specifications.1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to bothspectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, andspectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but canproduce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to thisap
7、plicability are noted.1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers andspectrometric colorimeters that employ only a single mono-chromator. This practice is general as to the materials to becharacterized for color.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other uni
8、ts of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimi
9、tations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Propertiesof MaterialsE259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Po
10、wder WhiteReflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemisphericaland Bi-Directional GeometriesE275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance ofUltraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE387
11、Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratioof Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque FilterMethodE805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophoto
12、meters whose Spectral Bandwidthdoes not Exceed 2 nmE958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth ofUltraviolet-Visible SpectrophotometersE991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-mens Using the One-Monochromator Method1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
13、 E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-photometry and Colorimetry.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1164 09a DOI:10.1520/E1164-12E01.2For referen
14、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
15、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE2194 Test Method for Multiangle Color Measuremen
16、t ofMetal Flake Pigmented Materials2.2 NIST Publications:LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spec-trophotometers3TN-594-12 Optical Radiation Measurements: The Translu-cent Blurring EffectMethod of Evaluation and Estima-tion3SP-260-66 Didymium Glass Filters for Calibrating theWavelength
17、 Scale of SpectrophotometersSRM 2009,2010, 2013, and 20143SP-692 Transmittance MAP Service32.3 CIE Publications:CIE No. 15.2 Colorimetry, 2nd edition4CIE No. 38 Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics ofMaterials and Their Measurement4CIE No. 46 Review of Publications on Properties andReflection
18、 Values of Material Reflection Standards4CIE No. 51 Method for Assessing the Quality of DaylightSimulators for Colorimetry4CIE No. 130 Practical Applications of Reflectance andTransmittance Measurements42.4 ISO Publications:ISO 2469 Paper, Board and Pulps Measurement ofDiffuse Reflectance Factor52.5
19、 ISCC Publications:Technical Report 2003-1 Guide to Material Standards andTheir Use in Color Measurement53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions contained in TerminologyE284 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 influx, nthe cone of light rays
20、incident upon thespecimen from the illuminator in a color measuring instrument(see Practice E1767).3.2.2 efflux, nthe cone of light rays reflected or transmittedby a specimen and collected by the receiver in a colormeasuring instrument (see Practice E1767).3.2.3 regular transmittance factor, Tr,nthe
21、 ratio of theflux transmitted by a specimen and evaluated by a receiver tothe flux passing through the same optical system and evaluatedby the receiver when the specimen is removed from the system.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIn some cases, this quantity is practi-cally identical to the transmittance, but it m
22、ay differ consider-ably. It exceeds unity if the system is such that the specimencauses more light to reach the receiver than would in itsabsence.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Procedures are given for selecting the types and oper-ating parameters of spectrometers used to provide data for thecalculation
23、of CIE tristimulus values and other color coordi-nates to document the colors of objects. The important steps inthe calibration of such instruments, and the material standardsrequired for these steps, are described. Guidelines are given forthe selection of specimens to minimize the specimens contri-
24、bution to the measurement imprecision. Parameters are identi-fied that must be specified when spectrometric measurementsare required in specific test methods or other documents.5. Significance and Use5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtainingCIE tristimulus values or, through transforma
25、tion of them,other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by theuse of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained bycombining object spectral data with data representing a CIEstandard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as describedin Practice E308.5.2 This practice provide
26、s procedures for selecting theoperating parameters of spectrometers used for providing dataof the desired precision. It also provides for instrumentcalibration by means of material standards, and for selection ofsuitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measure-ments.6. Requirements When Usi
27、ng Spectrometry6.1 When describing the measurement of specimens byspectrometry, the following must be specified:6.1.1 The relative radiometric quantity determined, such asreflectance factor, radiance factor, or transmittance factor.6.1.2 The geometry of the influx and efflux as defined inPractice E1
28、767, including the following:6.1.2.1 For hemispherical geometry, whether total or diffuseonly measurement conditions (specular component of reflec-tion included or excluded) are to be used.6.1.2.2 For bi-directional geometry, whether annular,circumferential, or uniplanar measurement conditions are t
29、o beused, and the number, angle, and angular distribution of themultiple beams.6.1.3 The spectral parameters, including the wavelengthrange, wavelength measurement interval, and spectral band-pass or bandpass function in the case of variable bandpass.6.1.4 Identification of the standard of reflectan
30、ce factor, (see10.2.1).6.1.5 The computation variables specified in Practice E308,Section 6, including the standard observer and standardilluminant, if their values must be set at the time ofmeasurement, whether the spectral bandpass has been adjustedor not, and3Available from National Institute of
31、Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.4Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Alan Laird Lewis, 282 E. Riding, Carlisle, MA 01741,http:/www.cie-usnc.org.5Available from Inte
32、rnational Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E1164 12126.1.6 Special requirements determined by the nature of thespecimen, such as the type of illuminating source for fluores-cen
33、t specimens (see Practice E991) or the absolute geometricconditions and tolerances for retroreflective specimens.6.1.7 Some specimens (particularly textiles, pulp and paper)are sensitive to variations in temperature (thermochromism),humidity (hygrochromism) and ambient lighting. In thosecases these
34、conditions should be specified and recorded. Forexample, specimens made from cellulosic materials should beconditioned to an agreed upon temperature and humidity andpossibly a length of time of a specified light exposure.7. Apparatus7.1 SpectrometerThe basic instrument requirement is aspectrometer d
35、esigned for the measurement of reflectancefactor and, if applicable, transmittance factor, using one ormore of the standard influx and efflux geometries for colorevaluation described in Section 8. The spectrometer may beeither a typical colorimetric spectrometer, designed specificallyfor the measure
36、ment of object color or a more traditionalanalytical spectrometer equipped with accessories for theoutput of the spectral values to a digital computer.7.2 IlluminatorFor the measurement of nonfluorescentspecimens, the exact spectral nature of the illuminator, ofwhich the light source is a component,
37、 is immaterial so long asthe source is stable with time and has adequate energy at allwavelengths in the region required for measurement. Com-monly used light sources include incandescent lamps, eitheroperated without filters or filtered to simulate CIE standardilluminants (see Publication CIE No. 5
38、1), and flashed orcontinuous-wave xenon-arc lamps. More recently, discretepseudo-monochromatic sources, such as light emitting diodes(LED) have also been used as sources in colorimetric spec-trometers. Considerations required when measuring fluorescentspecimens are contained in Practice E991. The us
39、e of pseudo-monochromatic sources is not currently recommended bySubcommittee E12.10 for the measurement of the color ofretroreflective materials.7.3 Dispersive Element:7.3.1 The dispersive element, which separates energy innarrow bands of wavelength across the visible spectrum, maybe a prism, a gra
40、ting, or one of various forms of interferencefilter arrays or wedges. The element should conform to thefollowing requirements:7.3.2 When highest measurement accuracy is required, thewavelength range should extend from 360 to 830 nm;otherwise, the range 380 to 780 nm should suffice. Use ofshorter wav
41、elength ranges may result in reduced accuracy.Each user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in hismeasurements is negligibly small for the purpose for whichdata are obtained. See Ref (1),6Practice E308, and CIE No.15.2.NOTE 1Accuracy is here defined as agreement with results obtainedby the use
42、of the recommended measurement conditions and procedures.(1 nm measurement interval witha1nmspectral bandwidth andnumerical summation of the data multiplied by CIE tabulated values at1 nm intervals).7.3.2.1 Fluorescent specimens should be measured with awavelength scale beginning as close to 300 nm
43、as possible, iftheir characteristics when illuminated by daylight are desired.See Practice E991.7.3.3 When highest accuracy is required, the wavelengthmeasurement interval should be 1 nm; otherwise, an interval of5 nm should suffice. Use of a wider interval, such as 10 nm or20 nm, will result in a s
44、ignificant loss of accuracy. Each usermust decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurementsis negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained.See Ref (1), Practice E308, and CIE No. 15.2.7.3.4 The spectral bandpass (width in nanometers at halfenergy of the band of wavelengths tra
45、nsmitted by the disper-sive element) should, for best results, be equal to the wave-length measurement interval or just slightly smaller than but noless than 80 % of the wavelength measurement interval (2).Ifthe spectral interval and bandpass are greater than 1 nm then itis recommended that the spec
46、tral data be interpolated and thendeconvolved (3) down to the 1 nm interval before computingtristimulus values as recommended in Practice E308.7.3.5 The use of tables of tristimulus weighting factors (seePractice E308) is a convenient means of treating data obtainedfor a shorter wavelength range tha
47、n that specified in 7.3.2,orawider measurement interval than that specified in 7.3.3,orboth, for obtaining CIE tristimulus values. However, the use ofa wider interval can lead to significant loss of measurementaccuracy for specimens with reflectance or transmittancefactors that change rapidly as a f
48、unction of wavelength. Eachuser must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measure-ments is negligibly small for the purpose for which data areobtained.7.3.6 For the measurement of nonfluorescent specimens, thedispersive element may be placed either between the sourceand the specimen or between
49、 the specimen and the detector.However, for the measurement of fluorescent specimens thedispersive element must be placed between the specimen andthe detector so that the specimen is irradiated by the entirespectrum of the source. A still better method for characterizingfluorescent specimens is to use a bispectrometric method asdescribed in Practice E2153.7.4 ReceiverThe receiver consists of the detector andrelated components. The detector may be a photoelectricdevice (phototube or photomultiplier), a silicon photodiode ordiode array, or another suitable photode
