1、Designation: E 1210 05Standard Test Method forFluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using theHydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for fluorescentpenetrant examination utilizing the hydrop
3、hilic post-emulsification process. It is a nondestructive testing method fordetecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such ascracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity,through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process,final, and maintenance examinatio
4、n. It can be effectively usedin the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, bothferrous and nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such asglazed or fully densified ceramics and certain nonporousplastics and glass.1.2 This test method also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a fluorescent pen
5、etrant examination hydro-philic post-emulsification process recommended or required byindividual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain theirapplicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materialsand
6、 parts using the hydrophilic post-emulsification process.Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regardingspecific techniques is strongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This test method does not
7、 indicate or suggest standardsfor evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointedout, however, that indications must be interpreted or classifiedand then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separatecode or specification or a specific agreement to define the type,size, location,
8、and direction of indications considered accept-able, and those considered unacceptable.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
9、and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 All areas of this test method may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar
10、ds:2D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-leum Products (Bomb Method)D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)E 165 Test Method for Liq
11、uid Penetrant ExaminationE 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE 543 Practice for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestru
12、ctive Testing3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification42.4 AIA Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Perso
13、nnel52.5 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the issue1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 onLiquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Pub
14、lished January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1210 - 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
15、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NP
16、ODS.5Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed inthe issue of
17、the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index ofSpecifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthis test method and the references cited herein, this testmethod takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitionsdefinitions relating to liquid pene
18、trant ex-amination, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply tothe terms used in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A post-emulsifiable, liquid, fluorescent penetrant is ap-plied evenly over the surface being tested and allowed to enteropen discontinuities. After a suitable dwell t
19、ime and prerinse,the excess surface penetrant is removed by applying a hydro-philic emulsifier and the surface is rinsed and dried. Adeveloper is then applied drawing the entrapped penetrant outof the discontinuity and staining the developer. If an aqueousdeveloper is to be employed, the developer i
20、s applied prior tothe drying step. The test surface is then examined visuallyunder black light in a darkened area to determine the presenceor absence of indications. (WarningFluorescent penetrantexamination shall not follow a visible penetrant examinationunless the procedure has been qualified in ac
21、cordance with 9.2,because visible dyes may cause deterioration or quenching offluorescent dyes.)4.2 Processing parameters such as precleaning, penetrationtime, prerinsing, hydrophilic emulsifier concentration, etc., aredetermined by the specific materials used, the nature of the partunder examinatio
22、n (that is, size, shape, surface condition,alloy), type of discontinuities expected, etc.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method isnormally
23、used for production examination of critical compo-nents, where reproducibility is essential. More proceduralcontrols and processing steps are required than with otherprocesses.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Liquid Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Materials,for use in the hydrophilic post-emulsificati
24、on process, (seeNote 1) consist of a family of post-emulsifiable fluorescentpenetrant, hydrophilic remover, and appropriate developer andare classified as Type I Fluorescent, Method DPost-Emulsifiable, Hydrophilic. Intermixing of materials from vari-ous manufacturers is not recommended.NOTE 1Refer t
25、o 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content. (WarningWhile approved penetrant materials willnot adversely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbersmay be swollen or stained by certain penetrants.)6.2 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to be in-
26、soluble in water and cannot be removed with water rinsingalone. They are designed to be selectively removed from thesurface by the use of a separate hydrophilic emulsifier. Thehydrophilic emulsifier, at the proper concentration, properlyapplied, and given a proper emulsification time, combines witht
27、he excess surface penetrant to form a water-washable mixture,which can then be rinsed from the surface leaving the surfacefree of fluorescent background. Proper concentration andhydrophilic emulsification time must be experimentally estab-lished and maintained to assure that over-emulsification does
28、not occur, resulting in loss of indications.6.3 Hydrophilic Emulsifiers are liquids used to emulsify theexcess oily fluorescent penetrant on the surface of the part,rendering it water-washable (see 7.1.6). They are water-baseemulsifiers (detergent-type removers) that are supplied asconcentrates to b
29、e diluted with water and used as a dip or spray.The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordancewith manufacturers recommendations.6.3.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by displacing theexcess penetrant film from the surface of the part throughdetergent action. The force of the water
30、spray or air/mechanicalagitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing actionwhile the detergent displaces the film of penetrant from the partsurface. The emulsification time will vary, depending on itsconcentration. Its concentration can be monitored by the use ofa suitable refractometer.6.4 D
31、evelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of discontinuitiesthrough blotting action of the applied developer, thus increas-ing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Several types ofdevelopers are suitable for use with the hydrophilic penetrantpr
32、ocess.6.4.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance with7.1.9.1(a). Care should be taken not to contaminate thedeveloper with fluorescent penetrant, as the penetrant speckscan appear as indications.6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally suppli
33、ed as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be inaccordance with manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.9.1(b). (WarningAqueous developers may cause strip-ping of indications if not properly applied and controlled. The
34、procedure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.4.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous, solvent carrierready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form acoating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves asthe dev
35、eloping medium for fluorescent penetrants (see7.1.9.1(c). (WarningThis type of developer is intended forapplication by spray only.)6.4.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coatin
36、g on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer may bestripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see7.1.9.1(d).E12100527. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-cent penetrant examination hydrophilic post-emulsificationmethod (see Fig. 1).7.1.1
37、 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed should bebetween 40 and 125F 4 and 52C. Where it is not practicalto comply with these temperature limitations, qualify theprocedure at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Sur
38、face Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results may be obtained on surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramics in the densified condition. These sensitive penetrantsIncoming PartsPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1)Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent
39、Wash Acid EtchMechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Post-EmulsifiablePenetrantPRERINSE(See 7.1.5)PrerinseHYDROPHILICEMULSIFIER(See 7.1.6)ApplyHydrophilicEmulsifierSpray ImmersionFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.7)WaterWashDRY(See 7.1.8)DryDeveloper(
40、Aqueous)DEVELOP(See 7.1.9)DEVELOP(See 7.1.9)Developer Dry,Nonaqueous orLiquid FilmDryDRY(See 7.1.8)EXAMINEExamine(See 7.1.10)Water Rinse Detergent Mechanical WashPOST CLEANDry(See 7.1.12 and Prac-tice E 165, Annex onPost Cleaning)Vapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic CleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 Gener
41、al Procedure Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1210053are generally less easily rinsed away and are therefore lesssuitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surface residu-als are present, these may be removed by wiping the surfacewith clean lint-fr
42、ee cloths. However, precleaning of metals toremove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, scale,insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be doneusing cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical remov-ing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining,polishing or etching
43、 shall follow shot, sand, grit and vaporblasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwisespecified, etching
44、shall be performed when evidence exists thatprevious cleaning, surface treatments or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning andSurface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in TestMethod E 165 for general p
45、recautions relative to surfacepreparation.)NOTE 2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications andextreme care should be used with grinding and machining operations
46、.)NOTE 3For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is gre
47、atly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be inspected must be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as a weld,including the
48、heat-affected zone is to be examined, all con-taminants shall be removed from the area being examined asdefined by the contracting parties.“Clean” is intended to meanthat the surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux,spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interferewit
49、h penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent thepenetrant from entering discontinuities. (See Annex on Clean-ing of Parts and Materials in Test Method E 165 for moredetailed cleaning methods.) (WarningResidues from clean-ing processes, such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions andchromates in particular, may adversely react with the penetrantand reduce its sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the sur-face be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquid residuewill hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying
