1、Designation: E1333 14Standard Test Method forDetermining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air andEmission Rates from Wood Products Using a LargeChamber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1333; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentra-tion in air and emission ra
3、te from wood products containingformaldehyde under conditions designed to simulate productuse (see 11.5 and Note 9). The concentration in air andemission rate is determined in a large chamber under specifictest conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Thegeneral procedures are also intended
4、for testing product com-binations at product-loading ratios and at air-exchange ratestypical of the indoor environment (1).2The products tested, theloading ratios and the air exchange rates employed are de-scribed in the test report.1.2 This test method determines the average formaldehydeconcentrati
5、on in air and emission rate from a number of largesize samples. The average concentration and emission ratereported, thus, will not provide information on higher or loweremitting panels in the test lot.1.3 This method is primarily used for testing newly manu-factured panel products that are shipped
6、for testing eitherseal-wrapped in polyethylene or with waster sheets, or withboth. When this test method is used for evaluating other thannewly manufactured panel products (after original application,installation or use), the method of packaging and shipping theproduct for testing shall be described
7、 in the test report.1.4 The quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample takenfrom the chamber is determined by an adaptation of theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)chromotropic acid test procedure. If another analytical proce-dure is used to determine the quantity of forma
8、ldehyde in theair sample, that procedure shall give results of equivalent orgreater accuracy and precision than the adapted chromotropicacid procedure. Detailed procedures based on acetylacetone,pararosaniline (see Test Method D5221), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) (see Test Method D5197) and3-me
9、thyl-2-benzothiazoline (MBTH) (seeTest Method D5014)have been found to give results equivalent or greater inaccuracy and precision than chromotropic acid. The test reportshall note the analytical procedure employed.NOTE 13The chromotropic acid analytical procedure described in thistest method is app
10、licable for testing urea-formaldehyde bonded woodproducts. According to NIOSH (4th Edition, 8/15/94), the low end of theworking range for the chromotropic acid analytical procedure is 0.02 ppm.A more sensitive analytical procedure is recommended for testing woodpanel products where formaldehyde conc
11、entrations in air are anticipated tobe at or below this level. DNPH is recognized as such a method.1.5 This test method is used to determine compliance withrequirements such as those established for building materialsby the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development(HUD) Rules and Regulations,
12、 HUD 24 CFR 3280, for manu-factured housing, by Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495 andCalifornia Air Resources Board (CARB), California Code ofRegulations sections 93120-93120.12, title 17, Airborne ToxicControl Measure to Reduce Formaldehyde Emissions fromComposite Wood Products. Measurement result
13、s are also usedfor comparing concentrations in air and emission rates fromdifferent wood products (2) and for determining compliancewith product standards.1.6 This test method is not designed for determining generalorganic emissions from all indoor materials and products.NOTE 2ASTM Committee D22 has
14、 developed Guide D5116 whichdescribes small-scale environmental equipment and techniques suitablefor determining organic emissions and emission rates from materials andproducts used indoors.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati
15、calconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand i
16、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1333 10. DOI:10.1520/E1333-14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references
17、 at the end ofthis standard.3The notes appearing in this test method are not part of the mandatory sectionsof this standard, are informative in nature, and appear below that section of thestandard to which they pertain.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohock
18、en, PA 19428-2959. United States1responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D3195 Pr
19、actice for Rotameter CalibrationD5014 Test Method for Measurement of Formaldehyde inIndoor Air (Passive Sampler Methodology) (Withdrawn2006)5D5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD5197 Test Method for Determination of For
20、maldehyde andOther Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Meth-odology)D5221 Test Method for Continuous Measurement of Form-aldehyde in Air (Withdrawn 1997)5E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison TechniquesE337
21、 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution2.2 HUD Document:6HUD 24 CFR 3280 Manufactured Home Construction andSafety Standards, 24, CFR 3280
22、, Federal Register, Vol 49,No. 155, August 8, 19842.3 NIOSH Document:6NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Method No. 3500,Fourth Edition, 19942.4 ANSI Standards:7ANSI/HPVA HP-1-09 Hardwood and Decorative PlywoodANSI A208.12009 ParticleboardANSI A208.22009 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) forInterior
23、Applications2.5 Other Documents:Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495 325F.18 and 325F.181,Formaldehyde Gases in Building Materials, 19868California Air Resources Board (CARB) California Code ofRegulations sections 93120-93120.12, title 17, AirborneToxic Control Measure to Reduce Formaldehyde Emis-sion
24、s from Composite Wood Products93. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 air change ratethe ratio of hourly conditioned andfiltered outside air brought into the chamber, and chambervolume measured in identical volume units (normally ex-pressed in air changes per hour, AC
25、/h).3.1.2 emission rateformaldehyde emissions per area ofexposed surface of tested product in the large chamber per timeduration of air sample, normally expressed in mg/(m2h).3.1.3 loading ratiothe total exposed surface area (notincluding panel edges) of each product divided by the testchamber volum
26、e.4. Significance and Summary of Test Method4.1 Significance and Use:4.1.1 Limitations on formaldehyde concentrations in airhave been established for some building products permanentlyinstalled in manufactured and conventional homes. This testmethod provides a standard means of testing typical produ
27、ctsizes, such as 1.2 by 2.4 m (4 by 8 ft) sheets, at productloadings consistent with product end use.4.2 Summary of Test Method:4.2.1 This test method incorporates a chamber of 22 m3(800 ft3) minimum size to evaluate formaldehyde concentra-tions in air and emission rates from building products over
28、aspecified duration of time. This test method employs a singleset of environmental conditions but different product loadingratios to assess formaldehyde concentrations in air and emis-sion rates from certain wood products. Conditions controlled inthe procedure are as follows:4.2.1.1 Conditioning of
29、specimens prior to testing,4.2.1.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the testchamber,4.2.1.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,4.2.1.4 Number of air changes per hour, and4.2.1.5 Air circulation within the chamber.4.2.1.6 At the end of a 16 to 20-h period in the test chamber,the a
30、ir is sampled and the concentration of formaldehyde in airand emission rate are determined.NOTE 3Care must be exercised in the extension of the results toformaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from productsunder different conditions of air change rate or loading ratio, or both.5. Inte
31、rferences5.1 The NIOSH analytical method lists phenols as a nega-tive interference when present at an 8:1 excess over formalde-hyde. Modification in the analytical procedure shall be madewhen relatively high phenol formaldehyde concentrations (8:1)are anticipated (3, 4).6. Apparatus6.1 Test Chamber:
32、6.1.1 The interior volume of the chamber shall be a mini-mum of 22 m3(800 ft3). The interior of the test chamber shall4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
33、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.6Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.
34、gov.7Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.8Available from Print Communications, Dept. ofAdministration, 117 UniversityAve., St. Paul, MN 55155.9Available from California EPA website: http:/www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/
35、compwood/compwood.htm.E1333 142be free of refrigeration coils that condense water and itemssuch as humidifiers with water reservoirs as condensate willhave the potential of collecting formaldehyde and thus influ-encing test results.The interior surfaces of the chamber shall beof materials found to m
36、inimize adsorption. (Stainless steel,aluminum, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have producedrecoveries of 95 % at a 0.4 ppm formaldehyde challengeconcentration in air and have been found appropriate aschamber lining materials.) All joints except for doors used forloading and unloading specimens s
37、hall be sealed. Doors shallbe self-sealing. The test chamber shall be equipped with metalspecimen racks with dividers spaced a minimum of 150 mm(6 in.) to support specimens on edge.6.1.2 Make-Up Air:6.1.2.1 The make-up air shall come from a filtered dust-freeenvironment and contain not more than 0.0
38、2 ppm of formal-dehyde using the sampling rate and volume of air as describedin 10.2. This shall be accomplished by passing make-up airthrough a filter bed of activated carbon, activated aluminaimpregnated with potassium permanganate, or other materialscapable of absorbing, adsorbing, or oxidizing f
39、ormaldehyde.6.1.2.2 Make-up air for the chamber must pass through acalibrated, totalizing dry gas test meter or other airflow ratemeasuring device permanently placed in the chamber air intakeduct with calibration traceable to the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST). It is also accep
40、table tocalibrate the airflow rate measuring device, as installed, usinga tracer gas technique described in Test Method E741. Airchange rate per hour (AC/h) is calculated as (V2 V1)(t 0) chamber volume); where V2and V1are dry-gas test-meterreadings in cubic metres at time, t (in hours), and time 0di
41、vided by the chamber volume in cubic metres. The air-intakeport and exhaust port shall be on different walls of the chamberand at different elevations. The chamber test shall be operatedat a positive pressure of 1 Pa (0.004 in. of water) or greater asdetermined by a permanently mounted differential
42、pressuredevice.6.1.3 Nonsparking Fan Sizing and PositioningA nonspar-king fan shall be used to circulate air within the chamber. Theair flow shall be directed horizontally in the direction of thechamber length above where the test samples are to be placedin the chamber.The fan shall be sized and pos
43、itioned to achievea uniform concentration in air of formaldehyde (within0.02 ppm) as determined from a minimum of six air samplinglocations. These locations shall be at three elevations, 0.3 m(12 in.) from the chamber floor and ceiling, and at a heightbetween 1.3 and 1.5 m (51 and 59 in.); and at tw
44、o verticalplacements, one-third the chamber length from each end of thechamber and at chamber mid-width.6.1.4 Air Sampling PortsFor testing, at least two air-sampling ports shall be used, located at equal distance alongthe chamber length at an elevation between 1.3 and 1.5 m (51and 59 in.) and shall
45、 be placed at least 0.6 m (24 in.) from anyinterior wall. The sampling lines shall be of materials found tominimize adsorption such as stainless steel, PTFE andaluminum, securely fixed to supports during the test, and shallbe as short as possible. The length of the sampling line outsidethe chamber s
46、hall not exceed 6 m (20 ft).6.2 Examples of acceptable reagents, materials, and equip-ment are provided in Appendix X1.7. Hazards7.1 Chromotropic Acid Reagent Treatment (see 10.3.4 andA4.5)During this hazardous operation, the operator shallwear rubber gloves, apron, and a full face mask or be protec
47、tedfrom splashing by a transparent shield such as a hood window.The solution becomes extremely hot during addition of sulfuricacid. Add acid slowly to avoid loss of sample due to splatter-ing.7.2 Cleaning Chemicals for GlasswareAppropriate pre-cautions shall be taken if cleaning chemicals are consid
48、ered tobe hazardous.8. Test Specimens8.1 Standard Face and Back Configuration Testing:8.1.1 Loading ratio is defined as the total exposed specimensurface area, exclusive of edge area, divided by the chambervolume (on effect of loading refer to Ref (5). If the edgeexposure is greater than 5 % of the
49、surface area, include thetotal edge-exposure area in the calculation of surface-exposurearea. Loading ratios used for testing wood panel productscontaining formaldehyde are as follows:Loading Ratios, 2 %(m2/m3) (ft2/ft3) Product0.95 0.29 Hardwood Plywood Wall Paneling0.43 0.13 Particleboard Flooring MaterialsIndustrial Particleboard PanelsIndustrial Hardwood Plywood Panels0.26 0.08 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)0.13 0.04 Low Density Particleboard Door Core GradeNOTE 4Panel grades are defined in the ANSI standards referenced in2.4.NOTE 5See Appendix X3 for
