1、Designation: E1354 16aE1354 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forHeat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1354; the number immediately following the designation indic
2、ates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response standard pro
3、vides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiantheating with or without an external ignitor.1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, andvisible smoke development of materials an
4、d products.1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygenconcentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitantmeasurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combina
5、tion with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured byobscuration of light by the combustion product stream.1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shallbe by electric spark. The value of the initial test hea
6、t flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevantmaterial or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether theend-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains
7、 provisions for vertical orientationtesting; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only.1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathem
8、atical modeling, design purposes,or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various componentsused in the end-use product.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in thi
9、s standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under
10、 actual fire conditions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior
11、to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conductingthese tests.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standa
12、rdizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Co
13、al and Coke1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Current edition approved May 1, 2016July 1, 2017. Published May 2016August 2017. Originally approved in 1990. Last pre
14、vious edition approved in 2016 asE1354 - 16.E1354 - 16a. DOI: 10.1520/E1354-16A.10.1520/E1354-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Docume
15、nt Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM rec
16、ommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
17、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid MaterialsE691 Practice for Co
18、nducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile Method2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 5657-1986(E) Fire Testsreaction to fireignitability of building materialsISO 5660-1(2015)
19、Reaction-to-fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 1: Heat release rate (conecalorimeter method) and smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)ISO 5725-2 (1994) Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for thedetermination
20、of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement methodISO 9705-1 (2016) Reaction to fire tests Room corner test for wall and ceiling lining products Part 1: Test method for a smallroom configuration3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer t
21、o Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 critical heat flux for ignition, nthe midpoint within the range of heat fluxes between the maximum (highest) heat fluxthat produces no ignition and the minimum (lowest) heat flux that produces ignition, for a specified expos
22、ure time.3.2.2 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heat generated per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly, whenexposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heat of combustion).3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion depends on the test method and is dete
23、rmined by dividing the measured heat release by the massloss during a specified period of time under the specified test conditions.Typically, the specified fire test conditions are providedby the specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustion as a quantity to be mea
24、sured. For certain firetest conditions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations under high pressure, the effective heat of combustion willapproximate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions,
25、 and the effective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.2.3 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount of heat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by thecombustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can be determined experimentally and
26、 only under conditions of high pressureand in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of combustion).3.2.4 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source, such as a radiant heater, can be measur
27、ed at the initiation of a test (such as Test Method E1354or Test Method E906) and then reported as the incident heat flux, with the understanding that the burning of the test specimen cangenerate additional heat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also be measured at any time during a fi
28、re test, for exampleas described in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measurement devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes. Typicalunits are kW/m2, kJ/(s m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.2.5 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from the specimen, per unit of time.3.2.6 ignitability, nthe
29、 propensity to ignition, as measured by the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified heatingflux.3.2.7 initial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the test apparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat flux value
30、commonly used when describing or setting test conditions.3.2.8 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see Test Method D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forgaseous state of product water.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New
31、York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.E1354 1723.2.8.1 DiscussionThe net heat of combustion differs from the gross heat of combustion in that the former assesses the heat per unit mass generatedfrom a combustion process that ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter ends with water in the l
32、iquid state.3.2.9 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face of the specimen is located during testing, either vertical or horizontalfacing up.3.2.10 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression of the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.
33、2.11 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmission by smoke, as measured by light attenuation.3.2.12 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or over most of the specimen surface for periods of at least 4 s.3.2.12.1 DiscussionFlaming of less than 4 s duration is identified as flashing or tran
34、sitory flaming.3.3 Symbols:As = nominal specimen exposed surface area, 0.01 m2.C = calibration constant for oxygen consumption analysis, m1/2 kg1/2 K1/2.hc = net heat of combustion, kJ/kg. hc,eff = effective heat of combustion, kJ/kg.I = actual beam intensity.Io = beam intensity with no smoke.k = sm
35、oke extinction coefficient, m1.L = extinction beam path length, m.m = specimen mass, kg.mf = final specimen mass, kg.mi = initial specimen mass, kg.m = specimen mass loss rate, kg/s.P = orifice meter pressure differential, Pa.q“tot = total heat released, kJ/m2 (Note that kJ kWs).q = heat release rat
36、e, kW.q“ = heat release rate per unit area, kW/m2.q“max = maximum heat release rate per unit area (kW/m2).q“180 = average heat release rate, per unit area, over the time period starting at tig and ending 180 s later (kW/m2).r = repeatability (the units are the same as for the variable being characte
37、rized).R = reproducibility (the units are the same as for the variable being characterized).ro = stoichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio ().sr = sample-based standard deviation estimate for repeatability (same units as r).sR = sample-based standard deviation estimate for reproducibility (same units as
38、 R).t = time, s.td = oxygen analyzer delay time, s.tig = time to sustained flaming (s). = density (kg/m3).t = sampling time interval, s.Te = absolute temperature of gas at the orifice meter, K.V = volume exhaust flow rate, measured at the location of the laser photometer, m3/s.XO2 = oxygen analyzer
39、reading, mole fraction O2 ().XO20 = initial value of oxygen analyzer reading ().XO21 = oxygen analyzer reading, before delay time correction ().f = specific extinction area, for smoke, m2/kg.r = repeatability standard deviation (same units as r).R = reproducibility standard deviation (same units as
40、R).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation (1)4 that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amountof oxygen required for combustion. The relationship is that approximately 13.1 103 kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygenconsumed. Specim
41、ens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a predetermined initial test heat4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method.E1354 173flux, which can be set from 0 to 100 kW/m2. The test permits burning to occur
42、either with or without spark ignition. The primarymeasurements are oxygen concentrations and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include the mass-loss rate of thespecimen, the time to sustained flaming and smoke obscuration, or as required in the relevant material or performance standard.
43、5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the testmaterial. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, andsmoke production.
44、These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended enduse.5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario.Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11.
45、5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 General:6.1.1 All dimensions given in the figures that are followed by an asterisk are mandatory, and shall be followed within nominaltolerances of 61 mm, unless ot
46、herwise specified. Particularly critical dimensions are followed by an asterisk in Figs. 1-12.6.1.2 The test apparatus5 shall consist essentially of the following components: a conical radiant electric heater, capable ofhorizontal or vertical orientation; specimen holders, different for the two orie
47、ntations; an exhaust gas system with oxygenmonitoring and flow measuring instrumentation; an electric ignition spark plug; a data collection and analysis system; and a loadcell for measuring specimen mass loss. A general view of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1; a cross section through the heater in
48、Fig. 2; and exploded views of horizontal and vertical orientations in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.6.1.3 Additional details describing features and operation of the test apparatus are given in Ref (2).6.2 Conical Heater:6.2.1 The active element of the heater shall consist of an electrical heater rod, rated at
49、5000 W at 240 V, tightly wound into theshape of a truncated cone (Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). The heater shall be encased on the outside with a double-wall stainless steel cone,packed with a refractory fiber material of approximately 100 kg/m3 density.6.2.2 The heater shall be hinged so it can be swung into either a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The heater shall be capableof producing irradiances on the surface of the specimen of up to 100 kW/m2. The irradiance shall be uniform within the central50 by 50-mm area of the spec
