1、Designation: E 1417 05e1Standard Practice forLiquid Penetrant Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial corrections were made in August 2005.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements forconducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporou
3、s metal,and nonmetal components.1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in thispractice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance(in-service) inspections. These processes are applicable for thedetection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corrosion,cracks, laps, cold shu
4、ts, and porosity, that are open or con-nected to the surface of the component under examination.1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevatedtemperature with components manufactured from thermoplas-tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developerscan have a deleterious effect o
5、n nonmetallic materials such asplastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted toensure that none of the cleaning or inspection materials areharmful to the components to be examined.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. The SI units given in brackets are for in
6、formationonly.1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
7、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein:2.2 A
8、STM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD 2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials withLiquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-Fail Technique)E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 543 Practice for Evaluat
9、ing Agencies that Perform Non-destructive TestingE 1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-rescent PenetrantsE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Testing2.3 ASNT Standards:3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing PersonnelSNT-TC-1A Reco
10、mmended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing2.4 Military Standards:4, 5MIL-I-25135 Inspection Materials, PenetrantQPL-25135 Qualified Products of, Inspection Materials,PenetrantMIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and CertificationM
11、IL-STD-792 Identification Marking Requirements forSpecial Purpose ComponentsMIL-STD-2175 Castings Classification and Inspection ofQPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, Inspection Mate-rial, PenetrantMIL-STD-45662 Calibration System Requirements2.5 ANSI/ISO/AIA Standards:61This practice is under the
12、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published July 2005. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1
13、417 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive
14、 Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required bymanufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtainedfrom the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting o
15、fficer.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.6Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
16、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 General Requirement for CalibrationLaboratories and Measuring Test EquipmentISO 10012-1 Quality Assurance Requirements for Measur-ing Test EquipmentNAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel2.6
17、SAE Standard:7AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant2.7 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the issuesof the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in theissue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci-fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.8 Order of Precedenc
18、eIn the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the references cited herein, the textof this practice takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examina-tion that appears in Terminology E 1316 shall apply to theterms used in this
19、practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aerospaceany component that will be installed on asystem that flies.3.2.2 cognizant engineering organizationthe company,agency, or other authority responsible for the design or afterdelivery, end use of the system or component for whi
20、ch liquidpenetrant examination is required; in addition to design per-sonnel, this may include personnel from material, and processengineering, stress analysis, NDT or quality groups and others,as appropriate.3.2.3 componentthe part(s) or element(s) of a systemdescribed, assembled, or processed to t
21、he extent specified bythe drawing.3.2.4 final examinationthe final examination performedfor the acceptance of the item.Any change to the items surfacesuch as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, oretching by subsequent manufacturing operation, may renderthe previous examination invalid, req
22、uiring reexamination ofall affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract.3.2.5 in-processthat which occurs during manufacturingbefore a component is in final form.3.2.6 in-servicerefers to components that are in use orstorage for their intended function.3.2.7 linear indicationpenetran
23、t indications with at least athree to one length to width ratio.3.2.8 reprocessrepeat, after cleaning, the application andappropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required),and developer (as required).3.2.9 rounded indicationpenetrant indication whoselength to width ratio is less than thr
24、ee-to-one.3.2.10 supplierthe organization contracted to supply thematerial, parts, or assembly.3.2.11 turbine engine critical componentsany componenton turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as “critical.”4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-trolli
25、ng the application of the liquid penetrant method. Thispractice is written so it can be specified on the engineeringdrawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-toprocedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must besupplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to there
26、quirements of this practice. Test Method E 165 containsinformation to help develop detailed how-to requirements.5. Classification5.1 Penetrant examination processes and materials are clas-sified in accordance with the material classification containedin MIL-I-25135 or AMS 2644. Penetrant systems cov
27、ered bythis practice shall be of the following types, methods, andsensitivity levels:5.1.1 Type:5.1.1.1 Type IFluorescent dye.5.1.1.2 Type IIVisible dye.5.1.2 Method:5.1.2.1 Method AWater washable.5.1.2.2 Method BPost-emulsifiable, lipophilic.5.1.2.3 Method CSolvent-removable.5.1.2.4 Method DPost-em
28、ulsifiable, hydrophilic.5.1.3 Sensitivity(These levels apply to Type I penetrantsystems only. Type II penetrant systems have only a singlesensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listedas follows):5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level12 Very low.5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1Low.5.1.3.3 Sensitivi
29、ty Level 2Medium.5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3High.5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4Ultrahigh.5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms:5.2.1 Form aDry powder.5.2.2 Form bWater-soluble.5.2.3 Form cWater-suspendable.5.2.4 Form dNonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen-etrant.5.2.5 Form eNonaqueous for Type
30、 II visible dye.5.2.6 Form fSpecific application.5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:5.3.1 Class 1Halogenated.5.3.2 Class 2Nonhalogenated.5.3.3 Class 3Specific application.6. General Practices6.1 Responsibility for ExaminationUnless otherwisespecified in the contract or purchase o
31、rder, the cognizantengineering organization is responsible for the performance ofall examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni-zant engineering organization shall specify more stringentrequirements than the minimum specified in this practice whennecessary to ensure that a component mee
32、ts its functional andreliability requirements. Except as otherwise specified, the7Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.E141705e12supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilitiessuitable for the performance of the examinat
33、ion requirementsspecified herein. The purchaser reserves the right to performany of the examinations set forth in this practice where suchexaminations are deemed necessary to ensure that supplies andservices conform to prescribed requirements.6.2 SpecifyingWhen examination is required in accor-dance
34、 with this practice the orders, contracts, or other appro-priate documents shall specify the criteria by which theacceptability of components is to be evaluated. Engineeringdrawings or other applicable documents shall indicate theacceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may beused. Exami
35、nation on a sampling basis shall not be allowedunless specifically permitted by the contract.6.3 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami-nations to this practice shall be qualified and certified inaccordance with ASNT Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A,ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, NAS 410,orMIL-STD-41
36、0 for militarypurposes, or as specified in the contract or purchase order.6.4 Agency QualificationThe agency performing thispractice may be evaluated in accordance with Practice E 543.6.5 Materials:6.5.1 Qualified MaterialsOnly materials listed or ap-proved for listing on QPL-25135 or QPL-AMS-2644 (
37、refer-ence MIL-I-25135 orAMS 2644) shall be utilized for penetrantexamination. Materials not conforming to the requirements ofMIL-I-25135 orAMS 2644 may be used only when a waiver isobtained from the cognizant engineering organization.6.5.2 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible MaterialsPenetrant materials
38、 tested in accordance with Test MethodD 2512 and passing at 70 ftlbf 95 J or higher, shall be usedon LOX wetted surfaces that cannot be thoroughly post-cleaned. Use of these materials shall be in accordance with thematerial supplier instructions and shall require approval of thecognizant engineering
39、 organization when such materials do notmeet the requirements of MIL-I-25135 or AMS 2644.6.6 Equipment and FacilitiesProcessing equipment usedin the penetrant examination process shall be constructed andarranged to permit a uniform and controlled operation. Theequipment shall meet all applicable nat
40、ional and local safetyrequirements as well as the requirements specified herein.6.6.1 Viewing AreasAreas where parts are reviewed shallbe kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination, Type II,the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc (1076 lx) ofvisible light when measured at the exa
41、mination surface. Forstationary fluorescent dye examination, Type I, the ambientvisible light background shall not exceed 2 fc (21.5 lx) at theexamination surface. The black lights shall provide a minimumof 1000 W/cm2at the examination surface. Black lights shallmeet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. Vie
42、wing areas for portablefluorescent dye examination shall utilize dark canvas, photog-raphers black cloth, or other methods to reduce the visiblelight background to the lowest possible level during examina-tion and black light intensity shall meet the above require-ments.6.6.1.1 Where lamps are physi
43、cally too large to directlyilluminate the examination surface, special lighting, such asUV pencil lights, or UV light guides, or remote visualinspection equipment shall be used. When using a borescope,the image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectivelyevaluate the indication. Light inten
44、sity shall be measured at theexpected working distance and shall meet the requirements of6.6.1 as appropriate.6.6.2 Drying OvenWhen components are oven dried, thedryer must be a forced-air recirculating type. In automatedsystems, where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air,the travel speed
45、of the system shall be such as to precludeoverdrying of parts. The forced air does not have to berecirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts. Thetemperature shall be controlled with a calibrated device ca-pable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615F of thetemperature for which it
46、 is set. The oven shall not exceed160F 71C. The temperature indicator shall be accurate to610F of the actual oven temperature.6.7 Written ProceduresAll liquid penetrant examinationprocedures are similar for many components, a master writtenprocedure may be utilized that covers the details common to
47、avariety of components. As a minimum, the following informa-tion is required either in individual procedures, or a masterprocedure, or a combination thereof:6.7.1 Details of the precleaning and etching process, includ-ing the materials used and specification or other documentcontrolling the examinat
48、ion process, the drying parameters andthe processing times. If these operations are performed byother than examination personnel, details concerning the op-erations may be specified in other documents but must bereferenced in the procedure(s). Reference Test Method E 165for detailed cleaning methods
49、 and instructions.6.7.2 Classification of the penetrant examination materialsrequired in accordance with Section 5 and MIL-I-25135 orAMS 2644.6.7.3 Complete processing parameters for the penetrantexamination materials including concentrations, applicationmethods, dwell times, drying times, temperatures, and controlsto prevent excessive drying of penetrant or overheating ofcomponent, as appropriate. Reference Test Method E 165 foradditional details.6.7.4 Complete examination/evaluation requirements in-cluding light intensities
