1、Designation: E 1424 91 (Reapproved 2000)Standard Test Method forDetermining the Rate of Air Leakage Through ExteriorWindows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under SpecifiedPressure and Temperature Differences Across theSpecimen1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1424; the number immediat
2、ely following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This te
3、st method provides a standard laboratory proce-dure for determining the air leakage rates of exterior windows,curtain walls, and doors under specified differential air tem-perature and pressure conditions across the specimen.1.2 Specified temperature and pressure conditions are rep-resentative of th
4、ose that may be encountered at the exteriorthermal envelope of buildings, excluding the effects of heatbuildup due to solar radiation.1.3 This laboratory procedure is applicable to exteriorwindows, curtain walls, and doors and is intended to measureonly such leakage associated with the assembly and
5、not theinstallation; however, the test method can be adapted for thelatter purpose.1.4 This is a laboratory procedure for testing at differentialtemperature conditions. Persons interested in a laboratory testat ambient conditions should reference Test Method E 283.Persons interested in a field test
6、on installed windows anddoors should reference Method E 783.1.5 Persons using this procedure should be knowledgeablein the areas of heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and instrumen-tation practices, and shall have a general understanding offenestration products and components.1.6 Throughout this test m
7、ethod, SI units are listed first inaccordance withASTM Committee E-6 metric policy and shallbe considered the primary units. Inch-pound units are providedin parenthesis.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
8、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 283 Test Method for Determining the Rate ofAir LeakageTh
9、rough Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and DoorsUnder Specified Pressure Differences Across the Speci-men2E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions2E 783 Test Method for Field Measurement of Air LeakageThrough Installed Exterior Windows and Doors23. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this tes
10、t method are definedin Terminology E 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air leakage rate (qAor qL)the air leakage per unit ofspecimen area (A) or per unit length of operable crackperimeter (L), expressed as m3/s-m2(ft3/min-ft2)orm3/s-m(ft3/min-ft).3.2.2 extraneous air leaka
11、ge (Qe)the volume of air flow-ing per unit of time through the test chamber and testapparatus, exclusive of the air flowing through the test speci-men, under a test pressure difference and test temperaturedifference, converted to standard conditions, expressed in m3/s(ft3/min).3.2.2.1 DiscussionExtr
12、aneous leakage is the sum of allleakage other than that intended to be measured by the test.3.2.3 specimen air leakage (Qs)the volume of air flowingper unit of time through the specimen under a test pressuredifference and test temperature difference, converted to stan-dard conditions, expressed in m
13、3/s (ft3/min).3.2.4 specimen area (A)the area determined by the overalldimensions of the frame that fits into the rough opening,expressed as m2(ft2).3.2.5 test mask assemblya wall construction that sur-rounds and supports the test specimen.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committe
14、e E-6 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.Current edition approved Sept. 3, 1991. Published November 1991.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6 test pressure differencesthe specified differentialstatic air pressure across the specimen, expressed in PA (lbf/ft2).3.2.7 test temperature differencethe specified differencein temperature across the test specimen, express
16、ed as a set ofroom-side and weather-side temperatures, in C (F).3.2.8 total air flow (Qt)the volume of air flowing per unitof time through the test chamber and test apparatus, inclusiveof the air flowing through the test specimen, under a testpressure difference and test temperature difference, conv
17、ertedto standard conditions, expressed in m3/s (ft3/min).3.2.9 unit length of operable crack perimeter (L)the sumof all perimeters of operable ventilators, sash, or doors con-tained in the test specimen, based on the overall dimensions ofsuch parts, expressed as m (ft). Where two such operable parts
18、meet, the two adjacent lengths of perimeter shall be counted asonly one length.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The procedure consists of sealing a specimen into oragainst a chamber capable of maintaining a specified airtemperature differential across the specimen. When the speci-men has been conditione
19、d for a specified period of time, air issupplied to, or exhausted from, the chamber at a rate requiredto maintain the specified test pressure difference across thespecimen. The resultant air flow through the specimen is thenmeasured.5. Significance and Use5.1 The exterior building envelope and its c
20、omponents (forexample, windows and doors) separate the interior conditionedspaces from exterior environmental factors such as heat, cold,rain, wind, noise dust, etc. Building materials and componentscan expand or contract to varying degrees, depending onseasonal and diurnal exterior ambient air temp
21、eratures. Fluc-tuations in the ambient air temperatures can alter the sealingcharacteristics of windows, curtain walls, and doors by chang-ing weather seal compression ratios. Thermal expansion orcontraction of framing materials coupled with thermal blowingdue to temperature gradients through the pr
22、oduct, and alter-ations in the effective leakage areas due to weather sealshrinkage and compression set, can also significantly alter theair leakage rates of these products in field service applications.Air leakage tests performed using Test Method E 283 (alaboratory air leakage test performed at am
23、bient temperatureconditions) will not account accurately for changes in airleakage rates that may occur from dimensional changes infenestration systems, materials, and components.5.2 It is recommended that test specifiers consult the manu-facturer for recommended test temperature extremes.5.3 This p
24、rocedure provides a means for evaluating airleakage rates of fenestration systems under various temperatureand pressure conditions and air flow directions. It is alsoapplicable for use in evaluating the efficiency of weathersealing products in fenestration systems. All air flow rates areconverted to
25、 standard conditions to provide a means ofcomparison between measurements made at different ambientair temperature and pressure conditions.5.4 Air leakage rates are sometimes used for comparisonpurposes. Such comparisons may not be valid unless thecomponents being tested and compared are of essentia
26、lly thesame size, configuration, and design.6. Apparatus6.1 The description of the apparatus in this section isgeneral. Any suitable arrangement of equipment capable ofmaintaining the required test tolerances is permitted.6.1.1 Test ChamberA well sealed box, wall or otherapparatus into or against wh
27、ich the specimen is mounted andsecured for testing. An air supply shall be provided to allow apositive or negative pressure differential to be applied acrossthe specimen without significant extraneous losses. The cham-ber should also be constructed of materials that have goodresistance to heat flow.
28、 The chamber shall be capable ofwithstanding the differential test pressures and temperaturesthat may be encountered in this procedure. At least one staticair pressure tap shall be provided on each side of the specimento measure the test pressure differences. The pressure tap shallbe located in an a
29、rea of the chamber in which pressure readingswill not be affected by any supply air or air conditioning fans.The air supply to the chamber shall be located in an area inwhich it does not directly impinge upon the test specimen. Aschematic is given in Fig. 1.6.1.2 Supply Air SystemA controllable dry
30、air supply orexhaust system designed to provide conditioned air flowthrough the test specimen at constant pressure and temperatureconditions for sufficient time to obtain required pressure and airflow readings. The system shall be designed to eliminatepressure fluctuations during the air flow measur
31、ements. Thismay be accomplished through the use of a heat exchangersystem connected to the air supply port inside of the weather-ing portion of the test apparatus (see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Environmental Chamber, SchematicE 1424 91 (2000)26.1.3 Air Temperature Conditioning SystemA system tomaintain weather
32、-side and room-side air test temperatures towithin 6 1C (2F) of setpoint. The system shall consist ofheating and refrigeration equipment designed to maintain therequired test temperatures for extended periods of time. Ameans of dehumidification shall be available to control theroom-side relative hum
33、idity levels to the limits recommendedin Table 1.6.1.4 Pressure Measuring ApparatusA device to measurethe differential test pressures to 6 2 % of setpoint or 6 2.5 Pa(6 0.01 in. of water column), whichever is greater.6.1.5 Air Flow Metering SystemA device to measure theair flow into the test chamber
34、 or through the test specimen. Theair flow measurement error shall not exceed 6 5 % when theair flow equals or exceeds 9.44 3 104m3/s (2 ft3/min) or 610 % when the air flow is less than 9.4443 10 m3/s (2ft3/min).NOTE 1At lower flows, a greater percentage of errors will beacceptable. Special flow met
35、ering techniques are necessary if higherprecision is required. The accuracy of the specimen air leakage flowmeasurement is affected by the accuracy of the flowmeter and the amountof extraneous air leakage (see Annex A1).6.1.6 Air Temperature Measuring System Temperaturesensing devices (TSD) such as
36、thermocouples, RTDS, etc.,suspended in air, surrounded by shields to reduce radiative heattransfer effects, as shown in Fig. 2. The thermocouples shall belocated at the intersection of the vertical and horizontalcenterlines of the test specimen. The air TSD shall be movableto maintain a distance of
37、76 6 8mm(36 0.3 in.) measuredperpendicular to the outermost plane of the test specimen. Theambient air and surface temperature measuring and indicatinginstrumentation shall have resolution of 1C or 1F andprecision of 6 1C (6 2F).6.1.7 Humidity Control SystemInstrumentation to mea-sure and control th
38、e room-side humidity. The system shall haveresolution to 1 % RH and shall have precision to 6 3%ofsetpoint.7. Hazards7.1 Glass breakage may occur at the test pressure differ-ences applied in this test.Adequate precautions should be takento protect personnel.7.2 The interior walls of the weather-side
39、 compartment aswell as other surfaces within this compartment may be dan-gerous to the exposed skin of testing personnel when extremeelevated or depressed test temperature conditions are in effect.Proper care and precautions should be taken to prevent injuries.8. Test Specimen8.1 The specimen is the
40、 entire assembled unit submitted fortesting as described in this section.8.2 The test specimen for a wall shall be of sufficient size todetermine the performance of all typical parts of the wallsystem. For curtain walls or walls constructed with prefabri-cated units, the specimen width shall be not
41、less than twotypical units plus the connections and supporting elements atboth sides, and sufficient to provide full loading on at least onetypical vertical joint or framing member, or both. The heightshall be not less than the full building story height or the heightof the unit, whichever is greate
42、r, and shall include at least onefull horizontal joint, accommodating vertical expansion, withsuch joint being at or near the bottom of the specimen, as wellas all connections at the top and bottom of the units.8.2.1 All parts of the wall test specimen shall be full size,using the same materials, de
43、tails, and methods of constructionand anchorage as used on the actual building.8.2.2 Conditions of structural support shall be simulated asaccurately as possible.8.3 The test specimen for a window, door, or other compo-nent shall consist of the entire assembled unit, including frameand anchorage as
44、supplied by the manufacturer for installationin the building. If only one specimen is to be tested, theselection shall be determined by the specifying authority.NOTE 2The air leakage rate is likely to be a function of size andgeometry of the specimen.9. Preparation of Test Specimen9.1 The location o
45、f surface temperature measuring devicesshall conform to the configurations shown in Figs. 3-6.9.2 A test mask assembly shall be provided for the instal-lation of the specimen to the test apparatus.Atypical test maskassembly is shown in Fig. 7. The thickness of the test maskassembly shall not be less
46、 than the test specimen. Mount thetest specimen to the test mask assembly to simulate, as closelyTABLE 1 Recommended Maximum Room-Side Humidity Levelsfor Glass SpecimensNatural Convection, Indoor Air at 23.3C(74F)AOutdoor Temperature, C (F)Single Glazing, RH,%Double Glazing,RH, %4.4 (40) 39 591.1 (3
47、0) 29 506.7 (20) 21 4312.2 (10) 15 3617.8 (0) 10 3023.3 (10) 7 2628.9 (20) 5 2134.4 (30) 3 17AReference: 1983 ASHRAE EQUIPMENT MANUAL, page 5.2.FIG. 2 Test Specimen Mask DetailE 1424 91 (2000)3as possible, the actual installation conditions anticipated. Sealperimeter joints between the test specimen
48、 and the test maskassembly to eliminate extraneous air leakage.10. Calibration10.1 Specific procedures for calibration of the total air flowmeasurement system are being developed in a separate ASTMdocument; when complete, that document will be referenced.However, all test apparatus shall be calibrat
49、ed at a minimum ofevery six months to the tolerances established in Section 6. Theprocedures for this calibration are, at this time, the responsi-bility of the testing agency. Calibration should be conducted ator near the environmental conditions (temperature, relativehumidity, etc.) under which the tests are to be conducted and towhich the test apparatus is to be exposed.11. Test Conditions11.1 GeneralStandard test conditions require dry air at:Pressure101.3 kpa (29.92 in. hg.)Temperature20.8C (69.4F)Air density1.202 kG/m3(0.075 lbm/f
