1、Designation: E 1525 02 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forDesigning Biological Tests with Sediments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1525; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 As the contamination of freshwater and saltwater eco-systems continues to be reduced through the implementation ofregulations go
3、verning both point and non-point source dis-charges, there is a growing emphasis and concern regardinghistorical inputs and their influence on water and sedimentquality. Many locations in urban areas exhibit significantsediment contamination, which poses a continual and long-term threat to the funct
4、ional condition of benthic communitiesand other species inhabiting these areas (1).2Benthic commu-nities are an important component of many ecosystems andalterations of these communities may affect water-column andnonaquatic species.1.2 Biological tests with sediments are an efficient meansfor evalu
5、ating sediment contamination because they provideinformation complementary to chemical characterizations andecological surveys (2). Acute sediment toxicity tests can beused as screening tools in the early phase of an assessmenthierarchy that ultimately could include chemical measurementsor bioaccumu
6、lation and chronic toxicity tests. Sediment testshave been applied in both saltwater and freshwater environ-ments (2-6). Sediment tests have been used for dredge materialpermitting, site ranking for remediation, recovery studiesfollowing management actions, and trend monitoring. A par-ticularly impo
7、rtant application is for establishing contaminant-specific effects and the processes controlling contaminantbioavailability (7).1.3 This guide is arranged as follows:SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Application 4Summary of Guide 5Significance and Use 6Hazards 7Sediment Test Types 8Biologica
8、l Responses 9Test Organisms 10Experimental Design Considerations 11Data Interpretation 12Keywords 131.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
9、 any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D
10、 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals andSamplesE 724 Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity TestsStarting with Embryos of Four Species of SaltwaterBivalve MolluscsE 729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroin
11、vertebrates, and Amphib-iansE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material toAquatic Organisms and Their UsesE 1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine andMarine Inverteb
12、ratesE 1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withFreshwater Invertebrates4E 1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Inver-tebratesE 1563 Guide for Conducting Static A
13、cute Toxicity Testswith Echinoid Embryos,E 1611 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of 8SubcommitteeE47.03 on Sediment Assessment and Toxicology.Curre
14、nt edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 1525 02.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.
15、org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
16、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Polychaetous AnnelidsE 1676 Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity orBioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid EarthwormEisenia Fetida and the Enchytraeid Potworm EnchytraeusalbidusE 1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumu
17、lation ofSediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Inverte-bratesE 1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Inver-tebratesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 Other Standards:Tit
18、le 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.132 (f)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” isused to express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that thetest ought to be designed to satisfy a specif
19、ic condition, unlessthe purpose of the test requires a different design. “Must” isused only in connection with the factors that apply directly tothe acceptability of the test. “Should” is used to state that thespecified conditions are recommended and ought to be met inmost tests. Although a violatio
20、n of one “should” is rarely aserious matter, violation of several will often render the resultsquestionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is often desirable,”and “might be desirable” are used in connection with lessimportant factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are) allowed to,”“can” is used to mea
21、n“ is (are) able to,” and “might” is used tomean “could possibly.” Thus, the classic distinction between“may” and“ can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as asynonym of either “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toGuide E 729, Terminologies D 1129 and E 943,
22、 and GuideE 1023. For an explanation of the units and symbols, refer toIEEE/ASTM SI-10.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bioaccumulationthe net uptake of a material by anorganism from its environment through exposure by means ofwater and food.3.2.2 concentrationthe ratio of th
23、e weight or volume oftest material(s) to the weight or volume of test sample.3.2.3 control sedimenta sediment that is essentially freeof contaminants and is used routinely to assess the acceptabil-ity of a test.3.2.4 elutriatethe water and soluble portion extractedfrom the sediment.3.2.5 exposurecon
24、tact with a chemical or physical agent.3.2.6 overlying waterthe water placed over the solidphase of a sediment in the test chamber for the conduct of thebiological test; this may also include the water used tomanipulate the sediments. In field situations, the water columnabove the sediment/water int
25、erface.3.2.7 pore water/interstitial waterwater occupying spacebetween sediment or soil particles.3.2.8 reference sedimenta whole sediment near the area ofconcern used to assess sediment conditions exclusive ofmaterial(s) of interest.3.2.9 sediment(1) particulate material that usually liesbelow wate
26、r and (2) formulated paticulate matter that isintended to lie below water in a test.3.2.10 spiked sedimenta sediment to which a material hasbeen added for experimental purposes.3.2.11 suspensiona slurry of sediment and water.3.2.12 toxicitythe property of a material or combinationof materials to aff
27、ect organisms adversely.3.2.13 whole sedimentsediment and associated pore waterthat has had minimal manipulation following collection orformulation.4. Application4.1 An ASTM guide outlines a series of options or instruc-tions and does not recommend a specific course of action. Thepurpose of a guide
28、is to offer guidance, based on a consensusof viewpoints, but not to establish a fixed procedure.Aguide isintended to increase the awareness of the user to availabletechniques in a given subject area and to provide informationfrom which subsequent evaluation and standardization can bederived.4.2 This
29、 guide provides general interpretative guidance onthe selection, application, and interpretation of biological testswith sediments. As such, this guide serves as a preface to otherASTM documents describing methods for sediment collection,storage, and manipulation (Guide E 1391); and toxicity orbioac
30、cumulation tests with sediment ( Guides E 724, E 1367,E 1391, E 1611, E 1563, E 1688, and Test Method E 1706).Much of the guidance presented in this standard is alsoapplicable to toxicity testing of soils (Guide E 1676). Thisguide serves as an introduction and summary of sedimenttesting and is not m
31、eant to provide specific guidance on testmethods. Rather, its intent is to provide information necessaryto accomplish the following:4.2.1 Select a sediment exposure strategy appropriate to theassessment need. For example, a suspended phase exposure isrelevant to the evaluation of dredged sediments f
32、or disposal ata dispersive aquatic site. (See Annex A1).4.2.2 Select the test organism and biological endpointsappropriate to the desired exposure and aquatic resources atrisk. For example, the potential for water quality problems andsubsequent effects on oyster beds may dictate the use ofsediment e
33、lutriate exposures with bivalve larvae (GuideE 724).4.2.3 Establish an experimental design consistent with theobjectives of the sediment evaluation. The use of appropriatecontrols is particularly important for evaluating sedimentcontamination (see Section 11).4.2.4 Determine which statistical proced
34、ures should beapplied to analysis of the data, and define the limits ofapplicability of the resultant analyses in data interpretation(Test Method E 1706).5Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington DC 20402.E 1525 02 (2008)25. Summary of Guide5.1 This guid
35、e provides general guidance and objectives forconducting biological tests with sediments. Detailed technicalinformation on the conduct and evaluation of specific sedimenttests is included in other documents referenced in this guide.5.2 Neither this guide nor any specific test methodology canadequate
36、ly address the multitude of technical factors that mustbe considered when designing and conducting a specificinvestigation. The intended use of this document is thereforenot to provide detailed guidance, but rather to assist theinvestigator in developing technically sound and environmen-tally releva
37、nt biological tests that adequately address thequestions being posed by a specific investigation.6. Significance and Use6.1 Contaminated sediments may affect natural populationsof aquatic organisms adversely. Sediment-dwelling organismsmay be exposed directly to contaminants by the ingestion ofsedim
38、ents and by the uptake of sediment-associated contami-nants from interstitial and overlying water. Contaminatedsediments may affect water column species directly by servingas a source of contaminants to overlying waters or a sink forcontaminants from overlying waters. Organisms may also beaffected w
39、hen contaminated sediments are suspended in thewater column by natural or human activities. Water columnspecies and nonaquatic species may also be affected indirectlyby contaminated sediments by the transfer of contaminantsthrough ecosystems (7, 8).6.2 The procedures described in this guide may be u
40、sed andadapted for incorporation in basic and applied research todetermine the ecological effects of contaminated sediments.These same methods may also be used in the development andimplementation of monitoring and regulatory programs de-signed to prevent and manage sediment contamination.6.3 Sedime
41、nt tests with aquatic organisms can be used toquantify the acute and chronic toxicity and the bioavailabilityof new and presently used materials. Sediment toxicity mayalso result from environmental processes such as ammoniageneration, pH shifts, or dissolved oxygen fluctuation. In manycases, conside
42、ration of the adverse effects of sediment-associated contaminants is only one part of a complete hazardassessment of manufactured compounds that are applied di-rectly to the environment (for example, pesticides) and thosereleased (for example, through wastewater effluents) as by-products from the ma
43、nufacturing process or from municipali-ties (7).6.4 Sediment tests can be used to develop exposure-response relationships for individual toxicants by spiking cleansediments with varying concentrations of a test chemical anddetermining the concentration that elicits the target response inthe test org
44、anism (Guide E 1391). Sediment tests can also bedesigned to determine the effects that the physical and chemi-cal properties of sediments have on the bioavailability andtoxicity of compounds.6.5 Sediment tests can provide valuable information formaking decisions regarding the management of contamina
45、tedsediments from hazardous waste sites and other contaminatedareas. Biological tests with sediments can also be used to makedefensible management decisions on the dredging and disposalof potentially contaminated sediments from rivers and harbors.(7, 8), Test Method E 1706.)7. Hazards7.1 General Pre
46、cautions:7.1.1 Development and maintenance of an effective healthand safety program in the laboratory requires an ongoingcommitment by laboratory management and includes: (1) theappointment of a laboratory health and safety officer with theresponsibility and authority to develop and maintain a safet
47、yprogram, (2) the preparation of a formal, written health andsafety plan, which is provided to each laboratory staff member,(3) an ongoing training program on laboratory safety, and (4)regular safety inspections.7.1.2 Collection and use of sediments may involve substan-tial risk to personal safety a
48、nd health. Chemicals in field-collected sediment may include carcinogenics, mutagens, andother potentially toxic compounds. Inasmuch as sedimenttesting is often started before chemical analysis can be com-pleted, worker contact with sediment needs to be minimized by(1) using gloves, laboratory coats
49、, safety glasses, face shieldsand respirators as appropriate, (2) manipulating sedimentsunder a ventilated hood or in an enclosed glove box, and (3)enclosing and ventilating the exposure system. Personal col-lecting sediment samples and conducting tests should take allsafety precautions necessary for the prevention of bodily injuryand illness which might result from ingestion or invasion ofinfectious agents, inhaltion or absorption of corrosive or toxicsubstances through skin contact, and asphixiation because oflack of oxygen or precense of noxious gases.7.1.3 Before b
