1、Designation: E1551 08 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Specification forSpecial Purpose, SmoothTread Tire, Operated on FixedBraking Slip Continuous Friction Measuring Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1551; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for aspec
3、ial purpose, smooth-tread standard tire for measuringtire-pavement friction forces. The tire is utilized on fixedbraking slip continuous friction measuring equipment such asthe Runway Friction Tester, Surface Friction Tester, or BV-11Skiddometer Trailer.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are
4、to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D297 Test Methods for Rubber ProductsChemical Analy-sisD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized
5、Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD1054 Test Method for Rubber PropertyResilience Usinga Goodyear-Healey Rebound Pendulum (Withdrawn2010)3D1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used inRubber ProductsD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD3182 Practice for RubberMate
6、rials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized Sheets2.2 Other Documents:BV-11 Skiddometer TrailerInstruction and ServicingManualDOT/FAA/AS-90-1 Reliability and Performance of FrictionMeasuring Tires and Friction Equipment Correlation4Advisory Circul
7、ar 150/5320-12 “Measurement, Construc-tion and Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport PavementSurfaces”5TatraIntertech Friction Tester Instruction and ServicingManual63. Materials and Manufacture3.1 The individual standard tires shall conform to the designstandards of Section 5. Dimensions, weights,
8、and permissiblevariations are also given in Section 5 and in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.3.2 Tread compounding, fabric processing, and all steps intire manufacturing shall be certified to ensure that the specifi-cations are met (see Section 7).3.3 The markings on the tire as shown in Fig. 1 shall bemolded on
9、both sides of the tire.73.4 Fig. 1 shows a view of the tread surface and a side viewof the standard, special purpose, smooth tread tire and Fig. 2 isa typical tire cross section with critical dimensions identified.3.5 Tire should be mounted so that it is rotated in thedirection of the arrow on the s
10、ide of the tire. See Fig. 1.4. Material Requirements4.1 The compounding requirements for the tread compoundare given in Table 1.4.2 The fabric shall be nylon, 1260/2 Denier.NOTE 1Certain proprietary products have been specified since exactduplication of properties of the finished tire may not be ach
11、ieved withother similar products. This inclusion does not in any way comprise a1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.24 on Tireand Slider Characteristics.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2
12、015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1551 08. DOI:10.1520/E1551-08R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
13、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 PortRoyal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161, http:/www.ntis.gov.5Available from U.
14、S. Department of Transportation Federal AviationAdministration, 800 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20591.6Available from Intertech Engineering Inc., 726 S. MansfieldAve., LosAngeles,CA 90036.7Specified tire is available from Specialty Tires of America, Inc., P.O. Box 749,1600 Washington St.
15、, Indiana, PA 15701. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee,1which you may attend.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1recommendation for these proprietary products nor against similar prod-ucts of other manufacturers, nor does it imply any superiority over anysuch similar products.5. Construction, Dimensions and Permissible Variations5.1 Constructi
17、onThe tire shall be a size 4.00-8, tube type,four plies, Nylon cord, and bias construction.Suggested Marking on TireASTM Test Tire E15514.00 8 NHS6 Ply RatingTube TypeManufacturers Name or TrademarkFIG. 1 Test TireFIG. 2 Tire Section, Including Inflated DimensionsTABLE 1 Compounding of Tread RubberA
18、Material PPHRSBR 1712B89.38BR 1208C35.00Zinc oxide 3.00Stearic acid 2.00Paraffin wax 2.00N339D75.006PPDE2.00High aromatic oil 22.12TBBSF1.10DPGG0.10Sulfur 1.80ASee Practice D3182.BStyrene-butadiene rubber (23.5 % styrene) 37.5 parts of high-aromatic oil.CHigh cis-polybutadiene.DN339 Carbon Black, se
19、e Classification D1765.EDimethyl butylphenyl phenylenediamine.FButyl benzothiazole sulfenamide.GDiphenyl guanidine.E1551 08 (2015)25.2 DimensionsTread width shall be 2.4 6 0.1 in. (61 62.5 mm), the tread radius shall be 10.0 6 1.5 in. (254 6 38mm), the cross-sectional width shall be 4.1 6 0.15 in. (
20、104 63.8 mm), and the outside diameter at the tread centerline shallbe 16.4 6 0.2 in. (417 6 5 mm) when measured on an 8 by3.00D rim at 30 6 0.5 psi (207 6 2 kPa) inflation pressure. SeeFig. 2 which shows inflated dimensions of the new tire.5.3 TreadThe tread surface shall be smooth (blank) with-out
21、 any ribs or grooves. The tread shall have a thickness of 0.16in. (4.1 mm) and an under skid thickness of 0.14 6 0.03 in.(3.56 6 0.76 mm).5.4 Wear IndicatorsThere will be four holes molded intothe tire 0.16 in. (4.1 mm) deep and 0.125 in. (3.18 mm)diameter. These four wear indicators will alternate
22、from oneside of the tread centerline to the other and be spaced 90 apart.6. Workmanship6.1 Tires shall be free of defects in workmanship andmaterial.7. Test Methods7.1 Tensile Sheet CurePractice D3182.7.2 Modulus (300 %)Test Methods D412.7.3 Tensile Sheet DurometerTest Method D2240, using aType A Sh
23、ore Durometer.7.4 Restored Energy (Rebound or Resilience)Test MethodD1054.7.5 Specific GravityTest Methods D297.7.6 Tensile StrengthTest Methods D412.7.7 ElongationTest Methods D412.7.8 Tire Tread DurometerTest Method D2240, in additionto the following specific procedures:7.8.1 Use a TypeADurometer.
24、A0.5-in. (12.7-mm) diameterpresser foot, Shore, code XAHAF is recommended.7.8.2 The durometer shall be calibrated at a reading of 60hardness.7.8.3 Condition the tire and durometer to equilibrium at73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) before determining tread hardness.7.8.4 The tire tread hardness is to be determin
25、ed by aver-aging at least one set of six readings. A set should consist ofreadings taken at equally spaced intervals across the tread. It isrecommended that additional sets of readings be taken aroundthe tread circumference.7.8.5 Apply presser foot to the tire tread as rapidly aspossible without sho
26、ck, keeping the foot parallel to the treadsurface. Apply just sufficient pressure to obtain firm contactbetween presser foot and tire tread surface. Read the durometerscale within 1 s after presser foot is in contact with the tiretread, but after initial maximum transient which may occurimmediately
27、after contact is made.8. Physical Requirements8.1 The physical and mechanical test requirements are givenin Table 2.9. Certification9.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, thepurchaser shall be furnished certification that samples repre-senting each lot have been tested and inspected a
28、s directed inthis specification, verifying that all requirements have beenmet. When specified in the purchase order or contract, a reportof the test results shall be furnished.9.2 The Annex to this specification contains the test proce-dures for determining the reliability, performance and consis-te
29、ncy of the tires.10. Packaging and Preservation10.1 The tires should be stored in a dry area, at a tempera-ture not exceeding 90F (32.2C) and in subdued light. Tiresmust not be stored near electric motors, welders, or other ozonegenerating equipment. The tire is not to be used as a standardtest tire
30、 after more than one year storage by the consumer norif it has been stored at more than 85F (29.4C) for more than60 days.11. Recommendations for Tire Use and OperationalRequirements11.1 The tire is for measuring tire-pavement friction forcesonly and is not designed for general highway service.11.2 A
31、new tire break-in sufficient to only remove the glossytread surface is recommended before using the tire for testing.This break-in time will vary with pavement surface condition,speed, and test tire operating mode.11.3 The tire shall be operated on fixed slip devices such asthe Runway Friction Teste
32、r, the Surface Friction Tester, and theBV-11 Skiddometer Trailer. The inflation pressure used in thefriction tire shall be 30 6 0.5 psi (207 6 3 kPa) measured atambient temperature (cold).11.4 The recommended static test load on the friction tireshall be 200 6 2 lbf (890 6 9 N) with loading to a max
33、imumof 320 6 3 lbf (1423 6 14 N) permissible, at 30 6 0.5 psi (2076 3 kPa) inflation pressure.11.5 When any irregular wear or damage results fromtesting or when the wear indicators are no longer visible, theuse of the friction tire as a standard test friction tire shall bediscontinued.TABLE 2 Physic
34、al Properties of Tread CompoundTensile Sheet Cure, min. at 302F (150C) 30300 % modulus, psi (Test Methods D412) 1000 200Specific gravity (Test Methods D297) 1.13 0.02Tensile strength, min psi (Test Methods D412) 2000Elongation, min % (Test Methods D412) 500Tire tread durometer (Test Method D2240) 58
35、2E1551 08 (2015)3ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. TESTING THE E1551 TIRE FOR RELIABILITY, PERFORMANCE AND CONSISTENCYA1.1 ScopeA1.1.1 This specification describes the test procedures forestablishing the reliability, performance, and consistency of thetire from batch to batch.A1.2 CertificationA1.2.1
36、The manufacturer of the tire will certify that testinghas been completed on each batch of tires.A1.2.2 A certified testing company may be sub-contractedby the manufacturer to accomplish the testing and certificationaccording to these procedures.A1.2.3 Testing will be conducted on a properly calibrat
37、ed,fixed braking slip, continuous friction measuring device (see11.3).A1.3 Tire SamplingA1.3.1 The number of tires randomly selected from eachbatch is determined from Table A1.1.A1.3.1.1 To ensure random selection of test tires, the tiremanufacturer shall divide the batch into as many equal sublotsa
38、s the number of test tires required by Table A1.1. One tire isthen randomly selected from each sublot.A1.3.1.2 In addition to the current tires selected for com-parative testing with the previous batch tires, the manufacturershall also retain and properly store the required number ofrandomly selecte
39、d tires from the current batch for futurecomparative testing with the next batch of tires produced. (SeeSection 10). This will always double the random sample sizerequirement given in Table A1.1.A1.3.2 Each tire selected shall be properly labeled accord-ing to sequential batch number and marked acco
40、rdingly to theorder of their selection.A1.4 Test SurfacesA1.4.1 Four test surfaces will be required as follows:A1.4.1.1 Test Surface A: Mu8values ranging from 0 to 16,A1.4.1.2 Test Surface B: Mu values ranging from 28 to 44,A1.4.1.3 Test Surface C: Mu values ranging from 56 to 72,andA1.4.1.4 Test Su
41、rface D: Mu values 84 and above.A1.4.2 The averaged Mu value for each of the test surfacesidentified above is based on a minimum of ten passes con-ducted at 40 mph (65 km/h).A1.4.2.1 The average Mu value shall be as close to themiddle of the respective ranges as possible and the continuousfriction t
42、race produced by the friction device shall be consis-tently within a band width of 63 Mu numbers.A1.4.2.2 In addition, the averaged Mu value for each testsurface shall not vary more than 63 Mu numbers from theaveraged Mu value obtained for that surface (A, B, C or D) forthe previous batch of tires.A
43、1.4.3 The physical length of each test surface shall not beless than 250 ft (75 m) or greater than 500 ft (152 m).A1.4.4 The data acquisition shall be taken within thephysical length of each test surface where the friction valuesare stabilized and are representative of the test surface.A1.5 TestingA
44、1.5.1 The manufacturer or testing facility shall select onetire from the current batch of provided samples and one tirefrom the previous batch of provided samples. The tires will beproperly identified.A1.5.2 Tests shall be conducted on originally dry pavementtest surfaces using the friction devices
45、self-watering system.The water depth shall be 0.04 in. (1 mm), applied in front of thefriction measuring tire(s).A1.5.3 To minimize ambient temperature influences onfriction values, test trials shall be conducted when the tempera-ture is within 80 6 10F (27 6 6C).A1.5.4 A minimum of six passes shall
46、 be conducted at eachof two speeds, 40 and 60 mph (65 and 95 km/h), on each testsurface described inA1.4, using the tires selected underA1.5.1.A1.5.5 The remaining randomly selected tire samples fromeach batch (Table A1.1) shall be tested once over each of thetest surfaces described in A1.4 at two s
47、peeds, 40 and 60 mph(65 and 95 km/h).A1.6 Analysis of Test DataA1.6.1 When the test trials have been completed, statisticalanalyses shall be conducted to develop the Linear RegressionLine to establish the reliability, performance and consistency ofthe current tire batch with the previous tire batch.
48、 ParagraphA1.8 details the parameters for conducting the statisticalanalysis.A1.6.2 The averaged Mu value for all tests conducted foreach speed shall be within One Standard Error of Estimate or63 Mu numbers from the Linear Regression Line for each8Mu = ; Coefficient of friction. Scale ranges from 0
49、to 100 and equates actualcoefficient ratio multiplied by 100.TABLE A1.1 Random Sampling of Tires from Tire Batch Size toDetermine Acceptance/FailureTireBatch SizeRandom TireSample SizeFor TestingAccept IfNumber ofFailedTires EqualsReject IfNumber ofFailedTires Equals51 to 150 5 1 2151 to 500 8 2 3501 to 1200 13 3 4E1551 08 (2015)4random tire sample of the previous tire batch versus therandom tire sample of the current tire batch.A1.6.3 The averaged Mu value shall be within One Stan-dard Error of Estimate or 63 Mu numbers from the stat
