1、Designation: E1728 10E1728 16Standard Practice forCollection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe SamplingMethods for Subsequent Lead Determination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1728; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled lead-containing dust on surfaces usin
3、g the wipe sampling method. Thesesamples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extraction and determination of lead using laboratory analysistechniques such as atomic spectrometry or electroanalysis. For collection of settled dust samples for determination of lead andother metals, us
4、e Practice D6966.1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and locationof samples) that are used for clearance, lead hazard evaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes. To provide for validconclusions, sufficient numbers of
5、samples should be obtained as directed by a sampling plan.1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standar
6、d.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced D
7、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determination of MetalsE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Inductiv
8、ely Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES),FlameAtomicAbsorption Spectrometry (FAAS), or Graphite FurnaceAtomicAbsorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust Wipe Samples for the Determination of LeadE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Mater
9、ials for Lead in Surface DustE1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust, Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination of LeadE2051 Practice for the Determination of Lead in Paint, Settled Dust, Soil and Air Particulate by Field-Portable Electroanalysis(Withdrawn 2010)32.2 Federal
10、Regulations:440 CFR 745.63 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Federal Register, Vol 66, No. 4, 5 Jan. 2001, p. 12063. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not listed here, see Terminology E1605.3.2 Definitions:1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Bui
11、ldings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on Lead HazardsAssociated with Buildings.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010Jan. 1, 2016. Published November 2010February 2016. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20032010as E1728 03.E1728-10. DOI: 10.1520/E
12、1728-10.10.1520/E1728-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this
13、historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA),Ariel Rios William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 PennsylvaniaAve., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide th
14、e user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standa
15、rd as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 batch, na group of field or quality control (QC) samples that are collected or processed together at the same time
16、 usingthe same reagents and equipment.3.2.2 sampling location, na specific area within a sampling site that is subjected to sample collection.3.2.2.1 DiscussionMultiple sampling locations are commonly designated for a single sampling site (see 3.2.3).3.2.3 sampling site, na local geographic area tha
17、t contains the sampling locations (see 3.2.2).3.2.3.1 DiscussionA sampling site is generally limited to an area that is easily covered by walking.3.2.4 wipe, na disposable towellette that is moistened with a wetting agent. E17923.2.4.1 DiscussionThese towellettes are used to collect a sample of sett
18、led dust on a surface for subsequent lead analysis.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 field blank, na wipe (see 3.2.4) that is exposed to the same handling as field samples except that no sample is collected(no surface is actually wiped).3.3.1.1 DiscussionAnalysis results from
19、field blanks provide information on the analyte background level in the wipe combined with the potentialcontamination experienced by samples collected within the batch (see 3.2.1) resulting from handling.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Wipe samples of settled dust are collected on surfaces from areas of k
20、nown dimensions with wipes meeting SpecificationE1792, using a specified pattern of wiping.4.2 The collected wipes are then ready for subsequent sample preparation and analysis by procedures such as PracticesPracticeE1644, Practice E1979, Practice E2051, and Test Method E1613.5. Significance and Use
21、5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples in and around buildings and related structures for thesubsequent determination of lead content in a manner consistent with that described in the HUD Guidelines5 and 40 CFR 745.63.The practice is meant for use in the collection
22、of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard assessment, riskassessment, and other purposes.5.2 Use of different pressures applied to the sampled surface along with the use of different wiping patterns contribute tocollection variability.Thus, the sampling result can vary betwee
23、n operators performing collection from identical surfaces as a resultof collection variables. Collection for any group of sampling locations at a given sampling site is best when limited to a singleoperator.5.3 This practice is recommended for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relati
24、vely smooth, nonporous surfaces.This practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as rough concrete,brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Sampling TemplatesO
25、ne or more of the following: A 30 by 30 cm (approximately 1 ft2) reusable aluminum or plastic, ordisposable cardboard or plastic template, (full-square, rectangular, square “U-shaped,” rectangular “U-shaped,” and “L-shaped”)or templates of alternative areas having accurately known dimensions (see No
26、tes 1 and 2).NOTE 1For most surfaces, it is recommended to collect settled dust from a minimum of a 100 cm2 area to provide sufficient material for laboratory5 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Wa
27、shington, DC,1995.E1728 162analysis.6 However, areas larger than 30 by 30 cm may be appropriate for surfaces having little or no visible settled dust, and a smaller sampling areamay be appropriate for surfaces with very high levels of visible settled dust.NOTE 2Templates should be capable of lying f
28、lat on a surface.6.2 Wipes, meeting the specifications of Specification E1792; see 3.2.4 for definition.6.3 Sample Containers, resealable, rigid-walled, 50-mL minimum volume.NOTE 3Screw-top plastic centrifuge tubes are an example of a suitable rigid-walled sample container.NOTE 4Use of a resealable
29、plastic bag for holding and transporting the settled dust wipe sample is not recommended due to the potential losses ofsettled dust within the plastic bag during transportation and laboratory handling. Quantitative removal and processing of the settled dust wipe sample bythe laboratory is significan
30、tly improved through the use of resealable rigid-walled containers.6.4 Measuring Tool, tape or ruler, capable of measuring to the nearest 61 mm.6.5 Plastic Gloves, powderless6.6 Cleaning Cloths, for cleaning of templates and other equipment.NOTE 5Wipes used for dust sampling (see 6.2) can be used fo
31、r cleaning templates and other sampling equipment, but other cleaning cloths or wipesnot meeting the specifications of Specification E1792 may be suitable for this purpose.6.7 Adhesive Tape, suitable for securing the template(s) to the surface(s) to be sampled, and for demarcating sampling areaswher
32、e templates cannot be used.NOTE 6Duct or masking tape, for example, function well for these purposes.6.8 Disposable Shoe Covers, optional.7. Procedure7.1 Use one of the following two procedures for collecting settled dust samples from each sampling location. For wide, flatlocations, use the template
33、-assisted sampling procedure (see 7.1.1). For small locations (for example, a window sill or door jamb),use the confined-area sampling procedure (see 7.1.2).NOTE 7Lead contamination problems during field sampling can be severe and may affect settled dust analysis results. Contamination can beminimiz
34、ed through frequent changing of gloves, use of shoe covers (see 6.8), and regular cleaning of sampling equipment with cleaning cloths (see 6.6).Use of disposable shoe covers between different buildings and removal of them prior to entering vehicles can be helpful to minimize inadvertent transferof s
35、ettled dust from one location to another.7.1.1 Template-Assisted Sampling Procedure:7.1.1.1 Don a pair of clean, powderless, plastic gloves (see 6.5 and Note 7).7.1.1.2 Carefully place a clean template on the surface to be sampled in a manner that minimizes disturbance of settled dust atthe sampling
36、 location. Tape the outside edge of the template to prevent the template from moving during sample collection.7.1.1.3 Obtain a packaged wipe (see 6.2) and, if there is a possibility for the package to be contaminated with dust, clean thepackage with a cleaning cloth (see 6.6).7.1.1.4 Remove the wipe
37、 from its package, and inspect the wipe to ensure that it is fully wetted and not contaminated withfungus, dust, or other material. Discard the wipe if it is found to be too dry or contaminated, or both.7.1.1.5 Using an open flat hand with the fingers together, place the wipe on the surface to be sa
38、mpled. Wipe the selected surfacearea, side to side, in an overlapping “S” or “Z” pattern while applying pressure to the fingertips (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Wipe the6 Sussell,A., Hart, C., Wild, D, andAshley, K., “An Evaluation of Worker Lead Exposures and Cleaning Effectiveness During Removal of Det
39、eriorated Lead-Based Paint,”Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol 14, 1999, pp. 177185.NOTE 1Only the center of the wipe path is shown, not the entire wiping width. Fig. 1(a) shows the first “S” wipe pattern; Fig. 1(b), the second “S”wipe pattern; and Fig. 1(c), the final pattern that
40、is concentrated on the edges and corners.FIG. 1 Schematic of a side-to-side overlapping “S” wiping patternE1728 163surface so that the entire selected surface area is covered. Perform the wiping procedure using the fingers and not the palm of thehand. The front leading edge of the wipe shall always
41、be pushed forward.7.1.1.6 Repeat 7.1.1.5 using a different brand of wipe if the wipe curls up or significantly changes shape (wrinkles, crumples,kinks, and so forth) during the wipe process.NOTE 8Some surfaces may cause some specific brands of wipes to curl up or otherwise significantly change shape
42、 during the wiping process, butmay not affect other wipes. A type of wipe that essentially maintains it shape must be selected for each surface sampled.7.1.1.7 Fold the wipe in half with the collected dust side folded inward, and repeat the preceding wiping procedure (7.1.1.6)within the selected sam
43、pling area using an up and down overlapping “S” or “Z” pattern (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 and Note 9).NOTE 9Wipes are folded to envelop the collected dust within the wipe, to avoid collected dust loss, and to expose a clean wipe surface for furtherdust collection. For areas containing large amounts of s
44、ettled dust, care must be taken during wiping to capture all the dust within the wipe.7.1.1.8 Fold the wipe in half again with the collected dust side folded inward, and repeat the wiping procedure one more time,concentrating on collecting settled dust from all corners within the selected surface ar
45、ea (see Note 9).7.1.1.9 Fold the wipe again with the collected dust side folded inward and insert the folded wipe into a sample container (see6.3).7.1.1.10 Label the sample container with sufficient information to uniquely and indelibly identify the sample, and record thedimensions (in centimetres)
46、of the selected sampling area (the internal template dimensions). Discard the gloves.7.1.2 Confined Area Sampling Procedure:7.1.2.1 Don a pair of clean, powderless, plastic gloves (see 6.5 and Note 7).7.1.2.2 Mark the defined area to be sampled with adhesive tape (see 6.7) being careful not to distu
47、rb the settled dust, andmeasure the area to be sampled using the measuring tool (see 6.4).7.1.2.3 Obtain a packaged wipe (see 6.2) and, if there is a possibility for the package to be contaminated with dust, clean thepackage with a cleaning cloth (see 6.6).7.1.2.4 Remove the wipe from its package, a
48、nd inspect the wipe to ensure that it is fully wetted and not contaminated withfungus, dust, or other material. Discard the wipe if it is found to be too dry or contaminated, or both.7.1.2.5 Holding the fingers together and flat against the selected surface area, place the wipe on the surface to be
49、sampled. Wipethe measured surface in one direction.Apply pressure to the fingers while wiping the surface. Perform the wiping procedure usingthe fingers and not the palm of the hand. The front leading edge of the wipe shall always be pushed forward.7.1.2.6 Fold the wipe in half with the collected dust side folded inward. Repeat the preceding wiping procedure (7.1.2.5) in thereverse direction within the selected sampling area on one side of the folded wipe (see Note 9).7.1.2.7 Fold the wipe in half with the collected dust side folded inward and repeat the pr
