1、Designation: E1740 10An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining the Heat Release Rate and OtherFire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering orCeiling Covering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1740; the number immedi
2、ately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis t
3、est method provides a means for measuring the fire-test-response characteristics of wallcoverings, ceiling coverings, wall covering composites, and ceiling covering composites using abench-scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers determinationof the
4、 ignitability and heat release rate of composites consistingof a wall covering or ceiling covering, a substrate, and alllaminating adhesives, coatings, and finishes. Heat releaseinformation cannot be used alone to evaluate the flammabilityof wall coverings or ceiling coverings. The data are intended
5、 tobe used for modeling or with other data to evaluate a material.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the timeto sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heatrelease, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initialtest heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Heat release data at diffe
6、rent heatfluxes are also obtained by this test method. The specimen isoriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determinedusing the apparatus and procedures described in Test MethodE1354.1.4 The tests are conducted on bench-scale specim
7、enscombining the components used in the actual installation.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be used in conducting these
8、tests. This test methodpotentially involves hazardous materials, operations, andequipment.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire
9、hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and prop-erty shall be employed in conducting these tests. This testmethod may involve hazardou
10、s materials, operations, andequipment. Specific information about hazard is given inSection 6.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pra
11、ctices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE84 Test Method for Surface Burnin
12、g Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products
13、 Using an Oxygen Con-sumption Calorimeter1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1
14、995. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1740 09. DOI:10.1520/E1740-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
15、the ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterIE
16、EE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use ofthe International System of Units (SI): The Modern MetricSystem2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringNFPA 286 Standard Method of Fire Test for EvaluatingContrib
17、ution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to RoomFire Growth2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and TextileProductsVocabularyISO 5660 Fire TestsReaction to FirePart 1: Rate ofHeat Release from Building Products (Cone CalorimeterMethod)ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary3. Terminolo
18、gy3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod and associated with fire issues, refer to TerminologyE176 and ISO 13943. The definitions given in TerminologyE176 shall prevail in case of conflict. For definitions of termsused in this test method and associated with textile issues,
19、referto Terminology D123 and ISO 4880. The definitions given inTerminology D123 shall prevail in case of conflict.3.1.1 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heatgenerated per unit mass lost by a material, product, orassembly, when exposed to specific fire test conditions (seegross heat of co
20、mbustion).3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion de-pends on the test method and is determined by dividing themeasured heat release by the mass loss during a specifiedperiod of time under the specified test conditions. Typically, thespecified fire test conditions are provided by the spec
21、ificationsof the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustionas a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions,involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approxi-mate the gross heat of combustion. More
22、often, the fire testconditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is theappropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.1.2 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount ofheat per unit mass that theoretically can be releas
23、ed by thecombustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can bedetermined experimentally only under conditions of highpressure and in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of com-bustion).3.1.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area,per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.1
24、.3.1 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source,such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of atest (such as Test Method E1354 or Test Method E906) andthen reported as the incident heat flux, with the understandingthat the burning of the test specimen can generate additionalheat
25、flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also bemeasured at any time during a fire test, for example asdescribed in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measure-ment devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.Typical units are kW/m2, kJ/( m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.1.4 initial te
26、st heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the testapparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat fluxvalue commonly used whn describing or setting test condi-tions.3.1.5 oxygen consumption principlethe expression of therelationship bet
27、ween the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heat release ratethe heat evolved from the speci-men, expressed per unit area of exposed specimen area per unitof time.3.2.2 ignitabilitythe propensity for ignition, as me
28、asuredby the time to sustained flaming at a specified heating flux.3.2.3 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see TestMethod D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forgaseous state of product water.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe net heat of combustion differsfrom the gross heat of combustion
29、 in that the former assessesthe heat per unit mass generated from a combustion processthat ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter endswith water in the liquid state.3.2.4 orientationthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing, which is horizontalfacing
30、 up for this test.3.2.5 sustained flamingthe existence of flame on or overthe surface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.2.6 wall or ceiling covering, na textile-, paper-, orpolymeric (including vinyl)-based product designed to beattached to a wall or ceiling surface for decorative or acoustic
31、alpurposes.3.2.6.1 DiscussionWall or ceiling coverings with ink ortopcoat layers added as part of the manufacturing process areincluded in this definition.3.2.7 wall or ceiling covering composite, nwall or ceilingcovering system.NOTE 1The terms wall covering composite and ceiling coveringcomposite,
32、used in Test Method E1740, have the same meaning as theterms wall covering system and ceiling covering system, which are morewidely used.3.2.8 wall or ceiling covering system, nan assembly of atextile wall or ceiling covering, a paper wall or ceilingcovering, a polymeric (including vinyl) wall or ce
33、iling cover-ing, adhesive (if used), and substrate (if it is part of theassembly) used as a wall or ceiling treatment for decorative oracoustical purposes.3Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Quincy, MA 02269-9101.4Available from International Standardization Org
34、anization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.E1740 1023.2.8.1 DiscussionThe wall or ceiling covering material isusually intended to be directly attached to a substrate, viaadhesives or mechanical fasteners. In some cases the wall orceiling covering system will be supported by a frame syste
35、msome distance away from the wall or ceiling covering material.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation that,generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to theamount of oxygen required for combustion. Approximately13.1 3 103kJ of heat are released per 1
36、 kg of oxygenconsumed. Specimens in the test are burned in ambient airconditions while subjected to a prescribed external initial testheat flux of 35 kW/m2.4.2 The heat release is determined by measurement of theoxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentra-tion and flow rate in the comb
37、ustion product stream, inaccordance with Test Method E1354.4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentrationand exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements includethe mass loss rate of the specimen, time to sustained flaming(or time to ignition), and effective heat of combustion. Ignit-abilit
38、y is determined by measuring the time period from initialexposure to attainment of sustained flaming of the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the time tosustained flaming and heat release of materials and compositesexposed to a prescribed initial test heat flu
39、x in the conecalorimeter apparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide infor-mation that can be used to compare wall or ceiling coveringsand constructions and for input to fire models.5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful informationfor product development by giving a quantitat
40、ive measure ofspecific changes in fire performance caused by component andcomposite modifications.5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will beinappropriate if the product will not spread flame over itssurface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.5.5 Variations in substrates,
41、mounting methods, and adhe-sives used to laminate composite products will potentiallyaffect the test responses. These variables must be controlledduring any comparative experiments.5.6 Test LimitationsThe test data are invalid if any of thefollowing occur:5.6.1 Explosive spalling,5.6.2 The specimen
42、swells sufficiently prior to ignition totouch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater baseduring combustion, or5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed underthe radiant heater.5.7 The specimens are subjected to one or more specific setsof laboratory conditions in this pro
43、cedure. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Theresults are therefore valid only for the fire test exposureconditions described in this pr
44、ocedure.6. Hazards6.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures and heatfluxes. Hazards therefore exist for burns, ignition of extraneousobjects or clothing, and inhalation of combustion products. Theoperator must use protective gloves for insertion and removalof the test specimens. Do not touch
45、 the cone heater or theassociated fixtures while hot, except with the use of protectivegloves.7. Test Specimens7.1 Size and Preparation:7.1.1 All elements of the test specimen shall represent theactual materials used in the final installation. Include the wallor ceiling covering, adhesive used for t
46、he lamination, andactual substrate. Wall or ceiling coverings that are laminated inthe field shall be bonded to the actual substrate or to fiber-reinforced cement board (Specification C1186) if a non-combustible substrate is anticipated. Use the adhesive recom-mended by the manufacturer. Test wall o
47、r ceiling coveringcomposites as manufactured for use.7.1.2 The test specimens shall be cut to an overall size of100 by 100 mm and tested in the actual thickness, if acomposite. The maximum thickness to be tested is 50 mm. Ifsubstrates exceed this maximum, the back surface shall bemade thinner to red
48、uce the overall thickness of the specimen to50 mm.7.2 Specimens shall be cured according to the manufactur-ers instructions and conditioned at an ambient temperature of23 6 3C and relative humidity of 50 6 5 % for a minimum of48 h.7.3 Specimen Holder and Mounting:7.3.1 The specimen holder consists o
49、f the bottom, edgeframe, retaining pins, and wire grid. The bottom is constructedfrom 2-mm nominal stainless steel and has outside dimensionsof 106 by 106 6 2mmby246 2 mm height. The grid isconstructed from 2-mm nominal stainless steel rod and hasdimensions of 100 6 2by1006 2 mm. The grid has 2-mmribs, and the openings in the center are 18 6 1by186 1 mm.The edge frame is constructed from 1.9-mm nominal stainlesssteel with outside dimensions of 111 6 2by1116 2by5462-mm height. The frame has an 8-mm lip on the top to providean opening of 94 by 94 mm on the
