1、Designation: E1776 13 An American National StandardStandard Guide forDevelopment of Fire-Risk-Assessment Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1776; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-risk-assessment standards.1.2 This guide is directed toward development o
3、f standardsthat will provide procedures for assessing fire risks harmful topeople, property, or the environment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
4、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentSta
5、ndards2.2 Other Documents:SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based FireProtection, Society of Fire Protection Engineers andNFPA, Quincy, MA, 20003ISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee E176, Terminology of Fire Standardsand ISO 13943, Fire Safety Vocabulary. In case of
6、conflict,the definitions in Terminology E176 shall prevailE176.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking thedevelopment of fire-risk-assessment standards. Such standardsare expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specifi-cation writers, and authoritie
7、s having jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on anapproach to the development of a fire-risk-assessment stan-dard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data,available tests and models, and scientific knowledge canconstitute significant constraints on the f
8、ire-risk-assessmentprocedure and associated standard.4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-risk-assessment standards for products, the general concepts pre-sented also can be applied to processes, activities, occupancies,and buildings.5. Key Elements5.1 This guide uses as its key e
9、lements the following:5.1.1 The purpose of a fire-risk-assessment standard is toprovide a standardized procedure for assembling a compilationof information relevant to the fire risk of a product underspecific conditions of use.5.1.2 The information assembled shall be relevant to thepurpose of assess
10、ing the fire risk of the specific designatedproduct within the range of all relevant fire scenarios.5.1.3 The information assembled shall be explicit and quan-titative. It shall provide a sufficiently thorough examination ofthe products fire risk under the conditions defined by the scopeof the speci
11、fic standard so as to permit valid choices anddecisions with respect to the fire risk of that product.5.1.4 A persuasive scientific case must be made in thedocumentation of a specific fire-risk-assessment standard thatthe procedures, data, and risk measures specified by thestandard will address ques
12、tions about a products fire risk withsufficient accuracy and validity that a more thorough assess-ment procedure would not materially alter any decisions thatare to be made based on the standard. If such a case cannot bemade for all products to be addressed, then the risk assessmentshall specify tho
13、se conditions under which a more thoroughfire-risk-assessment procedure is to be used.5.1.5 The absence of a data source, test method, or calcu-lation procedure of sufficient scope and proven validity tosupport the needs of a particular fire-risk-assessment proceduredoes not, by itself, provide a su
14、fficient justification for the useof a data source, test method, or calculation procedure of lesserscope or unproven validity. It is recognized that fire-risk1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Sa
15、fety Engineering.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallypublished in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E177607. DOI:10.1520/E1776-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
16、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 021697471.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Genev
17、a 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1assessments of such products may need to be performed in anyevent, using relevant nonstandardized procedures. When suchnonstandardized or unvalidated
18、procedures are used, the detailsshall be included to such an extent that the procedures becomestandardized only for use within the specified fire-risk-assessment procedure through final publication of the fire-risk-assessment standard document.5.1.6 Among the possible significant outcomes of a fire-
19、riskassessment are a revelation that a product produces either anincrease, no increase, or a decrease in fire risk on some or allrisk measures and for all or some of the scenarios specified bythe standard relative to another product or relative to baselinerisk values for those measures and scenarios
20、. These baselinevalues may or may not be derived from fire-risk assessment ofproducts already in use. However, when the product is pro-posed for an existing use, the appropriate baseline for com-parison is existing products having the same use. For example,if a products risk is uniformly rated great
21、er than the referencevalues on all comparisons specified by the standard, then theoverall fire-risk assessment of the product will be greater thanthe fire risk of the baseline (or product in use).5.1.7 If the assessment shows that the product is notuniformly rated higher than, equivalent to, or less
22、 than theother product(s) or the baseline for all risk measures, andreflecting all scenarios specified by the standard, then theimplications of the fire risk assessment for product evaluationwill not be clear without the development of appropriatedecision rules. Such rules would determine the overal
23、l risk,giving appropriate weighting to each risk measure.6. Relationship Between Fire Hazard and Fire Risk6.1 It is important to differentiate between fire hazard andfire risk. The relationship is as follows:6.1.1 A fire-hazard measure addresses the expected perfor-mance of a product for a particula
24、r fire scenario, includingdesignated conditions of use. A fire-risk measure incorporatesfire-hazard measures but also incorporates the probability ofoccurrence of each fire scenario and addresses all relevant firescenarios.6.1.2 Because the number of distinguishable relevant firescenarios in any fir
25、e-risk assessment is usually unmanageablylarge, it will normally be necessary for fire scenarios to begrouped into classes for purposes of analysis. This may makethe fire-risk assessment less product-specific or less specific toconditions of use than would be true of a fire-hazard assess-ment.6.1.3
26、Some existing fire-risk-assessment models and calcu-lation procedures define fire risk as the sum over all firescenario classes of the probability-weighted fire hazard for thatfire scenario class. In such an approach:6.1.3.1 The fire scenarios in each fire scenario class shall bevery similar with re
27、spect to those characteristics that determinefire hazard.6.1.3.2 Each fire scenario class will have a probability (Pi)that represents the likelihood of a fire corresponding to ascenario in that class.6.1.3.3 For each fire scenario class, a specific fire scenarioshall be chosen as representative of t
28、he class, so that the firehazard for that specific fire scenario can be used as a validestimate of Hi, the fire hazard of the fire scenario class. This isdefined as the probability-weighted mean fire hazard for all thespecific fire scenarios in the fire scenario class, a quantity thatcannot be direc
29、tly calculated.6.1.3.4 If this structure is adopted, then the relationshipbetween fire risk measure and fire hazard measure is given bythe following formula:Risk 5(iPi3 Hi! (1)where:Hi= hazard for representative scenario of scenario class i,i = 1, ., n andPi= probability of scenario class i, i = 1,
30、., n.6.1.4 For a fire-risk-assessment standard, this formulashows that a fire-risk-assessment procedure may be constructedfrom a fire-hazard-assessment procedure, a valid structure offire scenario class and representative fire scenarios by class,and valid sources for fire scenario class probability
31、data.7. Fire Risk-Assessment Standards7.1 Fire-risk-assessment standards shall conform in styleand content to the ASTM Form and Style Manual5.7.2 Fire-risk-assessment standards shall include sectionsentitled: Scope, Significance and Use, Terminology, and Pro-cedure. The sections shall be numbered an
32、d arranged in thatorder.7.2.1 ScopeThe statement in the Scope should clearlystate:7.2.1.1 The product or class of products of interest,7.2.1.2 The fire scenario classes and representative firescenarios included in the standard,7.2.1.3 The assumptions used in the standard,7.2.1.4 The structure of the
33、 fire-risk-assessment procedure,including test methods, models, other calculation procedures,data sources, fire hazard measures, fire risk measures, and anyother evaluation criteria or procedures used, and7.2.1.5 Any limitations on the application of the standard,such as the manner, form, or orienta
34、tion in which the productis incorporated within an assembly, geometric restrictionsessential to use of the product, the quantity of product in use,the end use of the product, and the type of occupancy to whichthe standard is applicable.7.2.2 Significance and Use:7.2.2.1 The major uses and any limita
35、tions of the standardfire-risk-assessment procedure should be clearly described,including an explicit description of the extent to which theincluded fire scenario classes and representative fire scenarios,in 7.2.1.2, constitute all the relevant fire scenario classes andrepresentative fire scenarios
36、for the product (class) and occu-pancy type addressed by the standard.7.2.2.2 The significance of the assessment to users shall beclearly stated.5Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, WestConshohocken, PA 19428.E1776 1327.2.3 TerminologyTerms unique to the fire-risk-assessment st
37、andard shall be clearly defined. Standard terms asdefined in Terminology E176 shall be used.7.2.4 Procedure:7.2.4.1 This section shall include detailed descriptions ofthe fire-risk-assessment procedure and its component parts,including test methods, calculation procedures, scenariodescription, data
38、sources, and evaluation criteria or procedures.7.2.4.2 Where sources for data on fire experience or expertjudgment are cited, the procedures for assembling the data andthe accuracy, precision, and reliability of the data shall bedocumented. The data shall be accessible to personnel con-ducting or re
39、viewing the fire-risk assessment.7.2.4.3 If calculation procedures include models, the ver-sions used shall be carefully identified and referenced, andmajor assumptions and limitations of the models shall benoted. Validation information, or lack thereof, shall also benoted.7.2.4.4 If calculation pro
40、cedures are used, it will be espe-cially helpful if sample calculations are included.7.2.4.5 Standard test methods shall be carefully identifiedand referenced. If a test method not yet adopted as a nationalstandard is used, its descriptions shall provide all the informa-tion that would be included i
41、f it were being submittedseparately for consideration as a standard test method. Data onreproducibility and validation of nonstandardized methodsshall be included or its unavailability shall be explicitly noted.Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection,Society of Fire Protection Enginee
42、rs and NFPA, Quinc. If astandard test method has been modified for the standard, alldetails of the modification and evidence of the effects of themodification on results shall be included. These guidelines alsoapply to any large-scale test protocols.8. Fire-Risk-Assessment Procedure8.1 Overview of E
43、lements of Fire Risk:8.1.1 Possible sources of harm to people, directly orindirectly, include toxic (narcotic or irritant) substances pro-duced by a fire, thermal insults (heat stress and burns) due toconvected and radiant flux, obscuration of vision by smoke(which may interfere with the ability to
44、escape), oxygendepletion, and structural damage leading to traumatic injury.8.1.2 Possible sources of harm to property include directdamage to contents, furnishings, structure, or other installed ormoveable combustibles, from heat, corrosive smoke, soot orfirefighting, and indirect damage as a conse
45、quence of businessinterruption or other adverse effects on the ability of theproperty to be used for its designed purposes.8.1.3 Harm to the environment includes direct harm toanimals or plant life located outside the property of origin, andindirect harm to people, animals, plant life, or property a
46、s aresult of contamination of air, water, or adjacent land.8.1.4 The fire risk of a product depends on its properties,how it is used, and the context in which it is used, including thenumber and characteristics of people potentially exposed andthe value and fragility of property exposed to a fire in
47、volvingthe product. Therefore, a fire-risk-assessment procedure for aparticular product should describe the product, how it is used,and its context of use.8.2 Development of a Fire-Risk-Assessment StandardThesteps to follow in developing a fire-risk-assessment standardare as follows:8.2.1 Define the
48、 scope (for example, the product(s) orproduct class of interest, and where and how the products areused),8.2.2 Identify the measure of fire effect to be used indefining fire hazard and fire risk (for example, deaths, injuries,business loss, property loss),8.2.3 The measure of fire risk should be ide
49、ntified as afunction of the measures of fire hazard (for example, if firehazard is defined as fire effect for a specific scenario, then firerisk may be defined by the formula given in 6.1.3.4),8.2.4 Identify the structure for the fire scenarios of concern,including, if needed by the selected measure of fire risk,scenario class definitions and representative scenarios (forexample, geometry, ventilation, and other spacial characteris-tics of environment; initial heat source; initial fuel source if notthe product; locations and burning properties of secondary fuelsources;
