1、Designation: E 1778 98a (Reapproved 2008)Standard Terminology Relating toPavement Distress1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology provides definitions for pavementdistress for airfields, highways, roads, streets, and parking lotsof all functional clas
3、sifications.1.2 This terminology covers surfaces paved with eitherbituminous or portland cement concrete. It does not includeother paved or unpaved surfaces.1.3 This terminology includes most of the significant typesof pavement surface distresses, but it is not all inclusive.1.4 Not all distresses n
4、oted are applicable to all pavementcategories listed in 1.1.1.5 Severity levels are not addressed in this terminology butare addressed in other ASTM test methods and practices (forexample, Test Method D 5340). However, a knowledge ofseverity levels is required for evaluating many of the distressesde
5、fined in this terminology.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5340 Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition IndexSurveys3. TerminologyGENERALbituminous pavement, na pavement comprising an upperlayer or layers of aggregate mixed with a bituminous binder,such as asphalt, coal tars, and natu
6、ral tars for purposes of thisterminology; surface treatments such as chip seals, slurryseals, sand seals, and cape seals are also included.continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP),nPortland cement concrete pavement with sufficient lon-gitudinal steel reinforcement to control transverse crack
7、spacings and openings in lieu of transverse contraction jointsfor accommodating concrete volume changes and loadtransfer.crack, nfissure or discontinuity of the pavement surface notnecessarily extending through the entire thickness of thepavement.depression, nlocalized pavement surface areas at a lo
8、werelevation than the adjacent paved areas.free edge, nan unrestrained pavement boundary.joint, na discontinuity made necessary by design or byinterruption of a paving operation.joint seal deterioration, nany condition which enablesincompressible materials or water to infiltrate into a previ-ously s
9、ealed joint from the surface.DISCUSSIONAbility to prevent water infiltration is an attribute thatcannot always be readily determined visually.jointed concrete pavement (JCP), n Portland cementconcrete pavement that has transverse joints placed atplanned intervals.lane-to-shoulder dropoff, n(highways
10、, roads and streetsonly) difference in elevation between the traveled surfaceand the shoulder surface.longitudinal cracking, ncracks in the pavement predomi-nantly parallel to the direction of traffic.pavement distress, nexternal indications of pavement de-fects or deterioration.portland cement conc
11、rete pavement, n a pavement havinga surface of aggregate mixed with portland cement pastebinder or a mixture of portland cement and other pozzolans.pumping, n ejection of liquid or solid material or both frombeneath the pavement through a crack or joint.shoving, n the horizontal displacement of a lo
12、calized area ofthe pavement surface which may also include some verticaldisplacement.DISCUSSIONGenerally associated with turning, braking or acceler-ating vehicles. Can also be due to concrete expansion against adjacentbituminous pavement.slippage cracking, n cracking associated with the horizontald
13、isplacement of a localized area of the pavement surface.swell, na hump in the pavement surface that may occur overa small area or as a longer, gradual wave; either type of swellcan be accompanied by surface cracking.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Paveme
14、nt Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.41 onPavement Testing, Evaluation, and Management Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 1778 98a (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards
15、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
16、428-2959, United States.transverse cracking, ncracks in the pavement that arepredominantly perpendicular to the direction of traffic.BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT DISTRESSESalligator (crocodile) cracking, n interconnected or inter-laced cracks forming a pattern which resembles an alliga-tors hide.bituminous b
17、leeding, n excess bitumen on the surface ofthe pavement, usually found in the wheel paths.block cracking, na pattern of cracks that divide the pave-ment into approximately rectangular pieces, ranging in sizefrom approximately 0.1 m2to 1.0 m2(1 ft2to 100 ft2).corrugation, ntransverse undulations at r
18、egular intervals inthe surface of the pavement consisting of alternate valleysand crests not more than1m(3ft)apart.edge cracking, ncrescent-shaped cracks or fairly continuouscracks that are located within 0.6 m (2 ft) of the pavementedge.jet-blast erosion, n( airfields only) darkened areas on thepav
19、ement surface where bituminous binder has been burnedor carbonized; localized burned areas may vary in depth upto approximately 15 mm (12 in.).oil spillage, na localized deterioration or softening of thepavement surface caused by the spilling of oil, fuel, or othersolvents.polished aggregate, nexpos
20、ed aggregate worn sufficientlysmooth to affect frictional characteristics.potholes, nbowl-shaped holes in the pavement surface,greater than 0.1 m (4 in.) in diameter, and more than 25 mm(1 in.) in depth.raveling, nloss of pavement surface material involving thedislodging of aggregate particles and d
21、egradation of thebituminous binder.reflection cracking at joints, n cracks in bituminous over-lay surfaces that occur over concrete pavements at joints.rut, na contiguous longitudinal depression deviating from asurface plane defined by transverse cross slope and longitu-dinal profile.PORTLAND CEMENT
22、 CONCRETE PAVEMENTSURFACE DISTRESSESblowups, nlocalized upward movement of the pavementsurface at transverse joints or cracks, often accompaniedwith shattering of the concrete in that area.corner breaks, n( JCP only) a portion of the slab separatedby a crack that intersects the adjacent transverse a
23、ndlongitudinal joints, describing approximately a 45 degreeangle with the direction of traffic where the length of thesides is from 0.3 m (1 ft) to one half the width of the slab.durability “D” cracking, nclosely spaced crescent-shapedhairline cracking pattern that initiates adjacent to joints,crack
24、s, or free edges, first manifesting itself at the intersec-tion of joints, cracks or free edges; dark coloring of thecracking pattern and surrounding area often exists with “D”cracking.faulting of joints and cracks, n difference in elevationacross a joint or crack.joint spalling, ncracking, breaking
25、, or chipping of concretepavement edges within 0.6 m (2 ft) of a joint.lane-to-shoulder separation, n(highways, roads and streetsonly) widening of the joint between the edge of the slab andthe shoulder.map cracking, na series of interconnected cracks thatextend only into the upper portion of the sla
26、b.patch, na portion of pavement surface which has beenreplaced or where additional material has been applied to thepavement after original construction.popouts, nsmall holes in the pavement surface, normallyranging in diameter from 25 mm (1 in.) to 100 mm (4 in.)and depth from 13 mm (0.5 in.) to 50
27、mm (2 in.).pumping, nejection of water, material, or both from beneaththe pavement through a crack or joint.DISCUSSIONThe mechanism for ejection is not necessarily limited totraffic loading.punchouts, na broken area of a concrete slab bounded byclosely spaced cracks (usually less than1m(3ft).scaling
28、, nthe deterioration of the upper concrete slab sur-face, normally 3 mm (0.125 in.) to 13 mm (0.5 in.) in depth,resulting in the loss of surface mortar.transverse construction joint deterioration, n(CRCP only)series of closely spaced transverse cracks or a large numberof interconnecting cracks occur
29、ring near a construction joint.4. Significance and Use4.1 This terminology provides a reference for definingpavement distress types regardless of the ultimate intended usefor the data or the amount, or both, of pavement to be surveyed.4.2 This terminology may be used with both manual andautomated di
30、stress surveys. The terminology will allow equip-ment manufacturers to develop automated methodologies thatwill help address the needs of agencies at all levels ofgovernment, based on a common set of definitions, while at thesame time being readily adaptable for use with manualsurveying.4.3 This ter
31、minology will allow agencies to identify anddefine pavement distresses in the same terms. Similarly, itallows agencies at the same level to discuss and comparepavement surface distresses using common terms.4.4 There are many different uses for distress surveys;however, from an engineering point of v
32、iew, the purpose forconducting these surveys may include one or more of thefollowing:4.4.1 Describe present pavement condition,4.4.2 Predict future pavement condition (deteriorationcurves),4.4.3 Identify current and future pavement maintenance andconstruction needs,4.4.4 Facilitate pavement maintena
33、nce and constructionprogramming,4.4.5 Determine effectiveness of alternative treatments,4.4.6 Select maintenance treatment,4.4.7 Identify needed spot improvements, and4.4.8 Develop maintenance and construction quantity esti-mates.E 1778 98a (2008)25. Hazards5.1 The collection of pavement distress in
34、formation is ahazardous activity generally conducted in the presence ofoperational traffic. If the facility is closed for inspection, allregulatory and professional practice standards must be appliedto provide traffic protection and traffic control for thosepersonnel in the work zone.5.2 If the data
35、 are collected using an automated device thattravels at highway speeds, this activity should also be con-ducted in accordance with appropriate local and nationalregulatory methods and safety procedures. Appropriate adher-ence to traffic laws, common driving practices and safetymeasures is essential.
36、5.3 Traffic is a hazard to inspectors who must walk on thepavement to perform manual condition surveys. Inspectionmust be approved by and coordinated with the local authority.BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) American Public Works Association, “APWA-COE Paver, Pave-ment Condition Index Field Manual, Asphalt”American
37、PublicWorks Association, “APWA-COE Paver, Pavement Condition In-dex Field Manual, Concrete”(2) Paterson, D. O., and Scullion, T., “Information Systems for RoadManagement: Draft Guidelines on System Design and Data Issues,”Policy Technical Paper INU77, Infrastructure and Urban Develop-ment Department
38、, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1990.(3) “Pavement Maintenance Management,” Technical Manual, TM5-623, Department of the Army.(4) Shahin, M. Y., Darter, M. I., and Kohn, S. D., et al, “Developmentof a Pavement Maintenance Management System,” Vols I, II and V:Airfield Pavement Condition Rating, U.S. Ai
39、r Force Civil Engi-neering Center, 1976.(5) Kohn, S. D., and Shahin, M. Y., “Evaluation of the PavementCondition Index for Use on Porous Friction Surfaces,” TechnicalReport No. M-351, U.S. Army Construction Engineering ResearchLaboratory, Champaign, IL, 1984.(6) “Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Per-formance Project,” SHRP-P-338, Strategic Highway ResearchProgram, National Research Council, 1993.(7) Yoder, E., and Witczak, M., Principles of Pavement Design, SecondEdition, John Wiley or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1778 98a (2008)3
