1、Designation: E 2016 06Standard Specification forIndustrial Woven Wire Cloth1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2016; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIndustrial wire cloth can be produced in many thousands of combinations of size and shape ofopening, wire diameter, type of weave, and metal. This speci
3、fication covers woven wire cloth forindustrial use, including the separation of particles. Its purpose is to introduce standard terms anddefinitions, to note the normal range of specifications woven, and to establish tolerances andrequirements. This specification excludes sieve cloth from its scope,
4、 since this is covered underSpecification E11. If a user has a specific application for industrial wire cloth that is not within thescope of this specification, it is recommended that the wire cloth supplier be consulted.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers industrial woven wire fabric,referred to
5、as wire cloth, for general use including theseparation of particles. Wire cloth can be made of any primarymetal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving. Thisspecification does not apply to the following special types ofwire cloth: filter cloth or dutch weave (see Appendix X1),fourdrinier an
6、d cylinder cloth, galvanized hardware cloth,insect wire screening, spiral weave wire cloth, testing sievecloth, or welded wire cloth.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units shall be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport
7、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 510 S
8、pecification for General Requirements for WireRods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon SteelA 555/A 555M Specification for General Requirements forStainless Steel Wire and Wire RodsE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standa
9、rd:3.1.1 aperture, nthe dimensions defining an opening in ascreening surface (see also width opening).3.1.2 bolting cloth, na specific group of commonly usedmesh and wire diameter combinations. They are coveredwithin this specification.3.1.3 coatings, nthe wire used for weaving wire cloth canbe coat
10、ed, plated, or in some other way finished prior toweaving, or wire cloth can be specified coated after weaving.Consult with a supplier as to the applicability of this specifi-cation. Examples of possible coatings include, but are notlimited to, metallic plated, such as, copper, nickel, tin, and sofo
11、rth, painted, or epoxy-coated or galvanized-steel wire cloththat has been coated with zinc either before or after weaving.3.1.4 Types of Crimps:3.1.4.1 crimp, nthe corrugation in the warp or shute wire,or both. The crimp in the wires is formed either during theweaving process, or with a crimping mac
12、hine prior to weaving.If formed during the weaving process, the tension existingbetween the warp and shute wires fundamentally determinesthe respective amount or depth of crimp, which locks the wiresin place and in part establishes the firmness of the wire cloth.3.1.4.2 double crimp, adjwire cloth w
13、oven with approxi-mately equal corrugations in both the warp and shute wires tolock the wires in position (see Fig. 1).3.1.4.3 flat top, adjwire cloth with deep crimps, as in lockcrimp, except that all crimps are on the underside of the cloth,1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
14、mitteeE29 on Particleand Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of E29.01 on Sieves,Sieving Methods, and Screening Media.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 2016 99(2004)e12For refere
15、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.leaving the top surface all in one plane. Sometimes designatedsmooth top (see Fig. 2).3.1.4.4 intermediate crimp, adjprecrimped wire clothwith extra crimps or corrugations between the points orintersection; sometimes designated intercrimp or multiplecrimp.
17、The warp, or shute wires, or both, may be intermediatecrimped (see Fig. 3).3.1.4.5 lock crimp, adjprecrimped wire cloth with deepcrimps at points of intersection to lock the wires securely inplace (see Fig. 4).3.1.4.6 precrimp, adjwire cloth woven with both the warpand shute wires crimped before wea
18、ving.3.1.4.7 triple shute, adjwire cloth woven with three shutewires inserted adjacent to each other, often constructed inconformance with precrimp rectangular.3.1.5 market grade, na specific group of commonly usedmesh and wire diameter combinations. They are coveredwithin this specification.3.1.6 m
19、esh, nthe number of wires or openings per linearinch (25.4 mm), counted from the center of any wire to a pointFIG. 1 Double CrimpE2016062exactly 1 in. (25.4 mm) distant, including the fractionaldistance between either thereof.3.1.7 mill grade, na specific group of commonly usedmesh and wire diameter
20、 combinations. They are coveredwithin this specification.3.1.8 percent open area, nthe ratio of the area of theopenings to the total area expressed as a percentage. Thetheoretical percent open area can be calculated as follows:OA 5 12MwDw!12MsDs!100! (1)where:OA = the percent open area;Mw= the mesh
21、warp;Ms= the mesh shute;Dw= the diameter warp wire; and,Ds= the diameter shute wire.FIG. 2 Smooth TopE20160633.1.9 rectangular (off-count) mesh, neither precrimp ordouble crimp wire cloth having a different number of wires inthe warp and shute, producing rectangular openings. Thediameter of the warp
22、 and shute wires may be the same ordifferent.3.1.10 screen, na surface provided with apertures ofuniform size and shape; another term used interchangeably forwoven wire cloth.3.1.11 selvage, nthe edge or border of wire cloth finishedoff so as to prevent unraveling. Examples of finished edgesinclude
23、looped selvage (see Fig. 5), folded selvage (see Fig. 6),cut and tucked (see Fig. 7), welded, plastic bonded, andbent-back picket, as opposed to a raw or cut edge (see Fig. 8).3.1.12 shute wires, nthe wires running the short way of,or across the cloth as woven (also referred to as the shoot, fill,or
24、 weft wires).3.1.13 sieve cloth, nwire cloth specified by width ofopening based approximately on the fourth root of 2 Series.Sieve cloth is used generally for the determination of particlesize as opposed to the separation of particles. This specificationexcludes sieve cloth from the scope, because i
25、t is coveredunder Specification E11.3.1.14 space cloth, nwire cloth that is designated by thewidth of the open spaces between the inside faces of adjacentparallel wires, expressed in inches or the metric equivalent (see4.2 for the normal range of space cloth specifications).FIG. 3 Intermediate Crimp
26、E20160643.1.15 square mesh, nwire cloth having the same numberof wires in both the warp and shute.3.1.16 Types of Weaves:3.1.16.1 herringbone twill, adjwire cloth in which thedirection of a twilled weave is reversed at regular intervals toproduce a striped or herringbone effect.3.1.16.2 plain, adjwi
27、re cloth in which the warp wires andshute wires pass over one and under one wire in both directions(see Fig. 9).3.1.16.3 twill, adjwire cloth in which the warp wires andshute wires pass over two and under two wires in bothdirections (see Fig. 10).3.1.17 warp wires, nthe wires running the long way of
28、 thecloth as woven.3.1.18 weight per unit area, nthe weight per square footfor wire cloth can be approximated (without consideration forcrimp) by the following equation:FIG. 4 Lock CrimpE2016065FIG. 5 Looped EdgeE2016066Wt/ft2512 Mw12p Dw2/4! r! 1 12 Ms12p Ds2/4! r!(2)where:Wt/ft2= the weight (lb/ft
29、2);Mw= the mesh warp (number of wires per inch);Ms= the mesh shute (number of wires per inch);Dw= the diameter warp wire (decimal parts of an inch);Ds= the diameter shute wire (decimal parts of an inch);r = the density of material (lb/in.3) (0.2836 for plainor carbon steel); and,p = the constant 3.1
30、416,which for square mesh wire cloth with the samewire diameter in both the warp and shute reducesto:Wt/ft25 72prMD2which further reduces for plain steel to:Wt/ft25 64.15 MD2where:Wt/ft2= the weight (lb/ft2) per square foot;M = the mesh (number of wires per inch); and,D = the diameter wire (decimal
31、parts of an inch).See Table 1 for a listing of conversion factors from plainsteel for various other metals and alloys. The theoreticalmass/unit area can be similarly calculated with SI units or anapproximate multiplier factor of 4.8824 can be used to obtainkg/m2.3.1.19 width opening, ndistance betwe
32、en two paralleladjacent warp or shute wires, measured in the projected plane.The theoretical width of an opening in the direction of interestcan be calculated by subtracting the nominal wire diameterfrom the reciprocal of the mesh in that direction as follows:Opn 5 1/M! 2 D (3)where:Opn = the width
33、opening (in decimal parts of an inch);M = the mesh; and,D = the diameter wire (in decimal parts of an inch).The theoretical width of an opening can be calculatedsimilarly with SI units converting the pitch (1/M) to millime-tres by the multiplier factor 25.4 and subtracting the wirediameter in millim
34、etres.3.1.20 wire diameter, nwire diameter shall be expressedin decimal parts of an inch or the metric equivalent.4. Wire Cloth Specifications4.1 Normal Range of Double-Crimp, Square Mesh WireCloth (expressed by mesh):4.1.1 Carbon SteelFor the normal range of woven wirecloth specifications for doubl
35、e-crimp, square mesh carbonsteel, see Table 2.4.1.2 Stainless SteelFor the normal range of woven wirecloth specifications for double-crimp, square mesh stainlesssteel, see Table 3.FIG. 6 Folded EdgeE20160674.2 Normal Range of Space Cloth (expressed by widthopening):4.2.1 Carbon SteelFor the normal r
36、ange of space clothspecifications for carbon steel, see Table 4.4.2.2 Stainless SteelFor the normal range of space clothspecifications for stainless steel, see Table 5.5. Technical Requirements5.1 Wire TolerancesThe diameter tolerance for wire be-fore weaving shall be in accordance with Table 6.Itis
37、recognized that mechanical deformation of the wire occursduring weaving, and therefore, the diameter measured afterweaving only can be used as a guide of the original nominaldiameter.5.2 Wire Cloth Tolerances:5.2.1 Industrial wire cloth can be woven from a great varietyof metals and alloys. For the
38、purposes of tolerances as woven,the following metals are applicable:5.2.1.1 aluminum (5000 series);5.2.1.2 brass;5.2.1.3 carbon steel;5.2.1.4 copper;5.2.1.5 Monel;y5.2.1.6 nickel;5.2.1.7 phosphor bronze; and5.2.1.8 stainless steel (300 and 400 series).5.2.2 Wire cloth tolerances for other metals may
39、 or may notbe applicable depending on the particular specification andshould be discussed with the supplier.FIG. 7 Cut and Tucked EdgeFIG. 8 Raw or Cut EdgeE20160685.2.3 Tolerances on MeshTolerances in mesh count shallbe applied separately for warp and shute and in accordancewith Table 7.5.2.4 Toler
40、ances on opening for space cloth The tolerance inopening of space cloth shall be in accordance with Table 8.5.3 Wire Cloth Blemishes:5.3.1 Wire cloth shall be woven with first-class workman-ship, although some blemishes or defects are inherent in theweaving process.5.3.2 Permissible Number of Major
41、BlemishesUnless oth-erwise agreed upon, the permissible number of major blem-ishes or defects as defined in Annex A1 shall be as shown inTable 9. The shute count shall determine the mesh category.5.3.3 Variation in MeshAn area of wire cloth with meshcount out of the tolerances shown in 5.2.3 shall b
42、e considereda defective area.5.3.4 Defective OpeningAn irregular opening in an areaof wire cloth shall be considered a defect if the measuredopening is out of tolerance as shown in Table 10 or Table 8 forspace cloth.5.4 Delivery RequirementsExcept when specificallyagreed to otherwise, the total quan
43、tity of wire cloth furnishedshall be within 6 10 % of the quantity ordered. The invoiceshall be based on the actual quantity furnished. Any finishingor fabrication specified to wire cloth may or may not affect itsdelivered quality and should be discussed with the supplier.FIG. 9 Plain Square WeaveE2
44、0160695.4.1 RollA standard roll shall be 100 linear feet (30.5 m)6 10 linear feet (3 m), and may consist of up to three pieces,no piece less than 10 linear feet (3 m).5.4.2 WidthPermissible tolerance in the width of standardwire cloth rolls, except when cut to specific dimension, shall bein accordan
45、ce with Table 11. Unless otherwise specified, rollsFIG. 10 Twilled Square WeaveE20160610of wire cloth may be delivered with or without selvage edges.The width tolerance of selvage edge cloth should be definedexplicitly.5.4.3 FlatnessWoven wire cloth may be curled in eitheror both the warp or shute d
46、irection, unless specifically agreedto otherwise.5.4.4 FirmnessA term referring to the planar rigidity ofwire cloth, established by the tensile strength of the material,the relationship of the mesh to wire diameters, the type ofweave, and the amount of crimp in the wires. The absence offirmness in w
47、oven wire cloth is termed sleaziness. Woven wirecloth should normally exhibit firmness.5.4.5 SquarenessThe warp and shute wires of woven wirecloth normally should be aligned such that they are perpen-dicular; however, ultralight or lighter grades may not alwaysexhibit squareness due to their sleazin
48、ess.5.4.6 Surface ConditionWoven wire cloth may be cov-ered with a film of oil or other lubricant as a result of themanufacturing process. The wire may show traces of productsused in the drawing process. Depending on the material, theremay be traces of surface rust and corrosion, which should notaff
49、ect functionality. The surface may show markings caused bythe drawing or weaving processes. The depth of crimp gener-ally differs between the warp and shute wires.5.4.7 Cut-to-Size PiecesThe tolerances that can be heldon cut pieces of wire cloth can be dependent on the piece size,the mesh and wire diameters, and the type of weave. Thesefactors should be considered in the discussion of toleranceswith the supplier.5.4.8 Slit WidthsSlitting tolerances should be discussedwith the supplier in accordance with 5.4.7, and it sh
