1、Designation: E2252 18Standard Practice forSelection of Lead Hazard Reduction Methods for IdentifiedRisks in Residential Housing or Child Occupied Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the selection of lead hazardreduction methods for
3、 controlling lead hazard risks identifiedduring risk assessments of residential dwellings and childoccupied facilities.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion o
4、nly and are not considered standard.1.3 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.4 Method described in this practice may not meet or beallowed by requirements or regulations established by localauthorities having jurisdictio
5、n. It is the responsibility of theuser of this standard to comply with all such requirements andregulations.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,
6、 health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Int
7、ernational Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE
8、1795 Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid Coating En-capsulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid CoatingEncapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE1797 Specification for Reinforced Liquid Coating Encap-sulation Products for Leaded Paint
9、in BuildingsE2052 Guide for Evaluation, Management, and Control ofLead Hazards in Facilities (Withdrawn 2008)3E2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments ofDwellings and of Other Child-Occupied FacilitiesE2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservationfor Lead Hazard Activities2.2 HU
10、D Documents:4HUD Guidelines Guidelines for the Evaluation and Controlof Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing24 CFR Part 35 Requirements for Notification, Evaluationand Reduction of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in FederallyOwned Residential Property, and Housing Receiving Fed-eral Assistance; Final Rule,
11、September 15, 19992.3 EPA Documents:5Renovate Right: Important Lead Hazard Information forFamilies, Child Care Providers, and Schools40 CFR Part 745 Subpart L, Lead-Based Paint Activities2.4 NIBS Document:6NIBS Guidelines Lead-Based Paint: Operations and Main-tenance Work Practices Manual for Homes
12、and Buildings2.5 RSMeans Document:7Building Construction Cost Data1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Publi
13、shed April 2018. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E2252 12. DOI:10.1520/E2252-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
14、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD),451 7th Street S.W., Washington, DC 20410, http:/www.hud.gov.5Available from United Stat
15、es Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., Federal Triangle Complex, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20004, http:/www.epa.gov/lead.6Available from National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), 1090 VermontAvenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005, http:/ww
16、w.nibs.org.7Available from RSMeans data from Gordian, 1099 Hingham St., Ste. 201,Rockland, MA 02370, http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally re
17、cognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in
18、 thispractice, refer to Terminology E1605.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice outlines lead hazard reduction methodsthat have been shown to be effective in preventing leadpoisoning in children.4.2 This practice tabulates advantages, disadvantages, andrelative costs of the reduction methods to a
19、ssist professionalssuch as certified lead-based paint risk assessors, supervisors, orproject designers in selecting appropriate cost-effective optionsfor controlling lead hazards identified during a lead riskassessment. Different control methods may be equally effectivein controlling a given lead ha
20、zard and, consequently, theselection of a specific control method may depend on the needsand economic constraints of the client or building owner.4.3 This practice is intended to complement other leadhazard activities that are performed in accordance with regu-lations promulgated by authorities havi
21、ng jurisdiction. Forexample, in some jurisdictions, a lead hazard risk assessment,by regulation, consists of a visual assessment, a hazardassessment including environmental monitoring for lead, andselection of lead hazard reduction methods.4.4 This practice is intended to assist homeowners, ownersan
22、d occupants of rental property, lenders, insurers, and otherswho have interest in selecting options for controlling leadhazards associated with leaded paint, dust, or soil.4.5 This practice complements Guide E2115. Informationand data gathered in accordance with Guide E2115 and thispractice are used
23、 in preparing a risk assessment report. Subse-quent lead hazards are mitigated through implementation ofcontrols selected in accordance with this present practice.4.6 This practice addresses the most commonly used leadhazard reduction methods. It is left to users of this practice toidentify the adva
24、ntages, disadvantages, and relative costsassociated with emerging control technologies for comparisonwith these characteristics of established lead hazard controlmethods.4.7 This practice does not address specific historic preser-vation requirements. The interim control and abatement meth-ods in thi
25、s practice will work in any structure; however,historic preservation regulations promulgated by authoritieshaving jurisdiction may impose specific interim control orabatement methods.5. Training and Experience Requirements5.1 Selection of appropriate lead hazard reduction methodsperformed in respons
26、e to risk assessments shall be carried outby certified or licensed risk assessors, supervisors, workers, orproject designers as required under regulations promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction. Users of lead hazard controlservices should review the credentials and experience of allinvolved t
27、o regulations promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction to determine whether each is qualified to conductthe work.5.1.1 Refer to Guide E2052 and to regulations promulgatedby authorities having jurisdiction (see Appendix X1) regardingtraining and experience of risk assessors, supervisors andproje
28、ct designers.5.2 The selection of lead hazard reduction methods shalltake into consideration the qualifications and experience ofpersons such as contractors or in-house maintenance personnelwho will implement the selected procedures. These personsshould be trained regarding the hazards of lead and t
29、he properuse of lead hazard reduction methods as required throughcertification or licensure promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction.5.2.1 Refer to Guide E2052 and to regulations promulgatedby authorities having jurisdiction (see Appendix X1) foradditional information regarding training and exp
30、erience forworkers and supervisors, and for information regarding workpractice standards and interim controls.6. Lead Hazard Reduction Methods6.1 GeneralThere are two approaches to reducing leadhazards: interim control and abatement. Most often, a combi-nation of the two approaches will be utilized
31、to maximize theeffectiveness of hazard management balanced with the cost tobe incurred.6.2 Occupant and Owner EducationAll lead hazard re-duction strategies shall include a component on occupant andowner education of lead hazards. In addition, the individualresponsible for the lead hazard reduction
32、shall inform ownersthat, when a property has been identified as containing leadhazards or lead-based paint, they shall disclose this informationupon the sale, lease, or rental of the property.NOTE 1A document considered to be universally informative foroccupant and owner education is the EPA/HUD/CPS
33、C pamphlet entitledRenovate Right: Important Lead Hazard Information for Families, ChildCare Providers, and Schools.6.2.1 Refer to Guide E2052 for elements of an occupanteducation program.7. Interim Controls7.1 Interim controls are designed to reduce the exposure tolead through procedures that requi
34、re ongoing maintenance.They are almost always an option in every lead hazardreduction situation; however, if interim controls cannot controla lead hazard, abatement (see Section 8) will be the onlyoption. The main question that the owner needs to answer is:Are resources, staff, equipment, priority a
35、nd scheduleadherence, budget, and willingness to manage an interim leadhazard control program available over the long term?7.2 The following are key elements of interim controls:NOTE 2Refer to Guide E2052 for developing interim controls.7.2.1 Educate occupants and owners regarding lead hazards(see 6
36、.2).7.2.2 Train maintenance personnel concerning the propermaintenance, cleaning, and surface protection requirements tomaintain a safe lead-hazard-free environment (see 5.2).7.2.3 Conduct periodic visual inspections of coated surfacesby qualified personnel to assess paint integrity.E2252 1827.2.4 D
37、evelop a work permit system to ensure that bothin-house personnel and contractors are made aware of surfacescontaining lead-based paint.7.2.5 Perform proper clearance procedures for each interimcontrol treatment.7.2.6 Perform record keeping of all interim control actions,including but not limited to
38、 notification, inspections, actions,and clearance.7.2.7 Use lead safe work practices (see HUD Guidelines) toprotect the occupant, workers, and environment while perform-ing interim control actions.7.2.8 Perform all work with properly trained and certifiedpersonnel in accordance regulations promulgat
39、ed by authoritieshaving jurisdiction.7.3 The following are standard practices of interim controlthat may be selected for lead-based paint, lead in dust and leadin soil. Table 1 lists the advantages and disadvantages of usinginterim controls. See also 24 CFR Part 35.7.3.1 Paint StabilizationRepair of
40、 deteriorated paintthrough coating repair methods (for example, application ofprimers, paints, stains, varnishes, shellacs, lacquers, and othercoatings). This process is called paint stabilization. Paintstabilization means repairing any physical defect in the sub-strate of a painted surface that is
41、causing paint deterioration,removing loose paint and other material from the surface to betreated, and applying a new protective coating of primer orpaint, or both.7.3.2 Smooth and Cleanable Horizontal SurfacesAll hori-zontal surfaces that are rough, pitted, or porous shall becovered with a smooth,
42、cleanable covering or coating, such asmetal coil stock, plastic, polyurethane, desk or concrete floorsealants, vinyl floor tile, or linoleum.7.3.3 Correcting Dust-generating ConditionsConditionscausing friction or impact of painted surfaces shall be cor-rected. This may be performed by rehanging doo
43、rs or planingdoors so that doors do not rub against door frames, “spotstripping” contact points and coating with durable primers andpaints containing bittering agents, installing window channelguides that reduce or eliminate abrasion of painted surfaces, orby protecting paint on stair treads, risers
44、, stringers, and floorswith a durable covering such as carpeting, tile, or sheetflooring. Other friction surfaces include hand rails and loosedoor hinges. In the case of impact surfaces, include treatmentsthat eliminate impact with the painted surface, such as doorbumper stops, and corner and shoe m
45、oldings.7.3.4 Bare Residential SoilInterim control options for leadin soil include mulching over landscape fabric, seeding,sodding, planting obtrusive shrubbery, and fencing or barricad-ing the area from entry by individuals, especially children. Theimportant factor is to determine the best approach
46、 for elimi-nating lead exposure to humans from bare soil areas. It iscritical to ensure that bare soil and the subsequent treatment isnot subject to erosion.7.4 Documentation for all interim control actions shall bemaintained by the owner or owners designee.8. Abatement8.1 Abatement is any measure o
47、r set of measures designedto permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards. Abatementincludes:8.1.1 Removal of lead-based paint and lead-containing dust,8.1.2 Application of an encapsulant or installation of apermanent enclosure8.1.3 Replacement of components or fixtures coated withlead-based paint
48、, and8.1.4 Removal or covering of lead-contaminated soil.8.2 Lead-Based PaintThere are four general methods forabatement of lead-based paint hazards: encapsulation,enclosure, replacement and (paint) removal. If encapsulation,or enclosure, or both are used as a hazard reduction option, thelead-based
49、paint remains in place. In these cases, the encapsu-lated or enclosed areas shall be periodically inspected as part ofthe lead hazard control program. An overview of the advan-tages and disadvantages of typical abatement methods forlead-based paint are contained within the tables listed belowand discussed in the paragraphs that follow.Table 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement byEncapsulationTable 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement byEnclosureTable 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement byComponent ReplacementTable 5
