1、Designation: E 2271 05aStandard Practice forClearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard ReductionActivities in Dwellings, and in Other Child-OccupiedFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2271; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presenceof deteriora
3、ted paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paintchips with environmental sampling of surface dust to deter-mine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of samplecollection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or otherbuilding maintenance and modification activities.1.2 This practice addre
4、sses clearance examination of single-family detached dwellings (including exterior structures, suchas fences), multifamily dwellings having similar units, com-mon areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities.1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations thatmay include soil sampl
5、ing, for example when soil abatementhas been performed.1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determiningwhether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels fordust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and, conse-quently whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearanceexamination
6、.NOTE 1This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” describedin 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazardreduction activities other than abatement, except that composite dustsampling is not used.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.6 Th
7、is standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documen
8、ts2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4840 Guide for Sampling Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD 5124 Practice for Testing and Use of a Random NumberGenerator in Lumber and Wood Products SimulationE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-Related)E 1605 Terminology R
9、elating to Lead in BuildingsE 1727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples forLead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry TechniquesE 1728 Practice for Field Collection of Settled DustSamples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for SubsequentLead DeterminationE 1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Mater
10、ials for Leadin Surface DustE 2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preserva-tion for Lead Hazard ActivitiesE 2255 Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments forLead Hazards in Buildings2.2 U.S. Regulations:324 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 35, Department ofHousing and Urban Development (H
11、UD), Requirementsfor Notification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-BasedPaint Hazards in Federally Owned Residential Propertyand Housing Receiving Federal Assistance (especiallysubparts B and R)40 CFR 745, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Resi-d
12、ential Structures (especially subparts D, L and Q)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated With Buildings.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005
13、. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 2271 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
14、e onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401. Also availablefrom http:/www.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/index.html.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
15、, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 Governmental Agency Guidance:4,5EPA National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program(NLLAP)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms not appearinghere, see Terminologies E 631, E 1480, and E 1605.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cl
16、earance area, nwork area and additional spacesoutside the work area where lead contamination may haveoccurred during lead hazard reduction and other buildingmaintenance or modification activities.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe spaces outside the work area mayinclude rooms connected to the work area, egress r
17、outes, wastestorage areas, and grounds adjoining exterior work areas.3.2.2 work area, nthe interior or exterior space where leadhazard control or other building maintenance or modificationactivities are performed.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe interior work space may include(1) a portion of a room, an entire
18、 room, or room equivalent, or(2) portions of multiple rooms, multiple rooms or roomequivalents, depending upon the extent or location, or both, ofthe lead hazard control activity. The exterior work space mayinclude (1) a portion of a building faade, an entire buildingfaade, associated structures, su
19、ch as fences, and (2) bare soil.4. Significance and Use4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and otherareas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, orbuilding maintenance or modification activities in single-family detached dwellings, multifamily dwellings having simi-lar unit
20、s, common areas or exterior sites, and child-occupiedfacilities is performed to determine that the clearance area isadequately safe for reoccupancy.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toassure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel require-ments are met prior to conduc
21、t of a clearance examination. Ata minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use andin safe practices for its conduct.4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed forlead hazard management activities. The visual assessmentprocedures required in this standard are found in Pra
22、cticeE 2255 and the record keeping requirements are found inPractice E 2239.4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed fordwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this practicemay be also applied to nonresidential buildings and relatedstructures by agreement between the client and
23、the individualconducting the clearance examination.4.5 This practice may be used by owners and propertymanagers, including owner-occupants, and others responsiblefor maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazardmanagement consultants, construction contractors, laborgroups, real estate a
24、nd financial professionals, insurance orga-nizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.4.6 This standard does not address whether lead-hazardreduction activities or other building modification or mainte-nance work were done properly.5. General Requirements5.1 Applicable RegulationsTh
25、e clearance examinationshall be conducted in accordance with all regulations promul-gated by authorities having jurisdiction. Applicable regulationsare those that are currently in force in jurisdictions where theclearance examination is conducted.5.2 Personnel QualificationsAll persons conducting or
26、participating in the clearance examination shall be qualified inaccordance with regulations promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction.NOTE 2For example, in the United States, 40 CFR Part 745 SubpartLor24 CFR Part 35 Subpart R, or both, may apply.5.3 Reporting ScheduleBefore arriving at the prope
27、rty,determine with the client the schedule for reporting the resultsof the clearance examination. Specify in hours or days whenthe clearance summary and clearance report are due to theclient. Consider in the reporting schedule the following: whenthe last sample for the clearance examination is to be
28、 collected;when the results of testing are to be available; and, whether andhow reoccupancy, additional construction, or maintenancework, or other factors affect the schedule.5.4 Dust Wipe Sampling MaterialsUse only dust wipesthat meet Specification E 1792 to collect samples of surfacedust.5.5 Dust
29、Sampling ProcedureCollect surface dust wipesamples in accordance with Practice E 1728. Record the uniquelocation description, unique sample identifier, the dimensionsof the area sampled, and all other sample collection informa-tion on the Paint/Dust/Debris Data Form (given in PracticeE 2255).5.6 Soi
30、l Sampling ProcedureWhen required, collect soilsamples in accordance with Practice E 1727. Record the uniquelocation description, unique sample identifier, and all othersample collection information on the Ground Data Form (givenin Practice E 2255).5.7 Laboratory Selection:5.7.1 Use only laboratorie
31、s (either fixed site or field opera-tional) that hold the necessary accreditations, certifications, andrecognitions needed to conduct lead testing services requiredby regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction.NOTE 3For example, in the United States ofAmerica, laboratories arerecogni
32、zed for analysis of lead in soil or dust wipe samples, or both, asapplicable, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) throughthe National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP).6. Activities Conducted Prior to Visual Assessment andSample Collection6.1 Permissions and ReleasesIn adva
33、nce of carrying outthe Clearance Examination, obtain the following:4Available from U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 451 7thStreet SW, Washington DC 20210. Also available from http:/www.hud.gov/offices/lead.5Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1200Pen
34、nsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460. Also available from ww.epa.gov/lead.E 2271 05a26.1.1 Signed releases permitting entry to the property andconducting the clearance examination, as may be needed, priorto attempting entry to the property,6.1.2 Permission to acquire and review available propert
35、yconstruction records and any other records appropriate to theconduct of the clearance examination, and6.1.3 Permission to collect samples.6.2 Consider Random Sampling of Dwelling Units in Mul-tifamily Dwellings:NOTE 4Random sampling of similar units, areas, or sites in multi-family dwellings or gro
36、ups of other detached dwellings may be permittedin regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For ex-ample, in the United States, see 40 CFR 745.227(e)(9) and 24 CFR35.1340(b)(2) or other regulations promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction. Regulations can be found at www.epa.
37、gov/lead or http:/www.hud.gov/offices/lead/index.cfm.6.2.1 Determine with the client or clients designee whetherto conduct clearance examination in a random sample ofmultifamily dwelling units, common areas, or exterior sites, orall three. If random sampling is not acceptable, continue with6.3. Othe
38、rwise,6.2.2 Group units, areas, or sites, or all three, having similarconstruction and maintenance history based on written docu-mentation or visual evidence.6.2.3 Determine the number(s) of distinct dwelling units,common areas or exterior sites, or all three, in which clearanceexamination will be p
39、erformed using statistical methods orother referenced methods to estimate mean lead contents.NOTE 5In the United States of America, The U.S. Department ofHousing and Urban Development (HUD) has developed guidance ondetermining the appropriate number of samples to include in leadinspections, risk ass
40、essment, and clearance examinations.6.2.4 For each group of dwelling units, common areas, andexterior sites identified in 6.2.2, prepare a table that uniquelydescribes each unit, area or site within the group.6.2.5 Create a list of random numbers for each group ofdwelling units, common areas, or ext
41、erior sites identified in6.2.2 having a length corresponding to the number of units,areas, or sites in the group. Use a random number generatormeeting the randomness quality measure of Practice D 5124.6.2.6 For each unit, area or site, record the list of randomnumbers in the corresponding table deve
42、loped in 6.2.4, asso-ciating a random number with each unit, area, or site.6.2.7 Sort each group of units, areas, or sites in eitherascending or descending order, determined prior to sorting thetable, of the corresponding random numbers.6.2.8 Select the random sample of units, areas, or sitesbeginni
43、ng at the top of the sorted list using the number of units,areas, or sites to be included in the random sample from 6.2.3.6.2.8.1 When access cannot be gained to a selected dwellingunit, common area, or exterior area, select the next suchlocation on the corresponding sorted table.6.3 Determine Clear
44、ance AreaDetermine the clearancearea with the client or clients designee.6.3.1 For multifamily housing, agree on the specific dwell-ing units.6.3.2 If within a specific dwelling unit the location of theinterior work area in which the lead hazard reduction or otherbuilding maintenance or modification
45、 activity was performed isunknown, the clearance examiner shall assume that the clear-ance area is the entire interior of the dwelling.6.3.3 If the exterior work area upon which hazard reductionor other building maintenance or modification activity wasperformed is unknown, the clearance examiner sha
46、ll assumethat the clearance area is the entire exterior property.6.4 Prepare Floor and Site Plan(s):6.4.1 Prepare a floor plan (interior) or property site plan(exterior), or both, to cover all the clearance areas, as appli-cable, in accordance with Practice E 2255 for each dwellingunit, common area
47、or exterior site to be examined. Each planshall be used to record clearance examination activities includ-ing:6.4.1.1 Location of the clearance area,6.4.1.2 Locations from which samples of soil or surfacedust, or both, were collected prior to a lead hazard or otherbuilding maintenance or modificatio
48、n activity (see Note 6),NOTE 6These samples of soil or surface dust, or both, may have beencollected to document lead levels prior to the conduct of abatement, otherlead hazard activities, and other building maintenance or modificationactivities.6.4.1.3 Area(s) used for the storage of debris and was
49、te,6.4.1.4 Route(s) used by workers to walk from the workarea to the exterior of the building,6.4.1.5 Locations(s) where deteriorated paint, surface dust,paint chips, and painted or unpainted debris (if any) had beenobserved within the work area during visual examination(s).6.5 Clearance Examination Initiation:6.5.1 Verify with the client or clients designee, that the leadhazard reduction or other building maintenance or modificationactivity has been completed before initiating the visual assess-ment.6.5.2 Wait at least 1 h after cleaning has been completed
