1、Designation: E 2282 03An American National StandardStandard Guide forDefining the Test Result of a Test Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide guidelines foridentifying the elements that comprise the test result of a
3、testmethod and to illustrate how these elements combine into thetest result.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods2E 456 Terminology Related to Quality and Statistics22.2 International Standard:International Vocabulary of
4、Basic and General Terms inMetrology (VIM)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 characteristic, na property of items in a sample orpopulation which, when measured, counted or otherwise ob-served, helps to distinguish between the items.3.1.2 observation, nthe process of obtaining informationregarding th
5、e presence or absence of an attribute of a testspecimen, or of making a reading on a characteristic ordimension of a test specimen.NOTE 1Observation is also associated with the attribute or measure-ment information obtained from the process. The term “observed value” ispreferred for this second usag
6、e.3.1.3 observed value, nthe value obtained by making anobservation.3.1.4 test determination, nthe value of a characteristic ordimension of a single test specimen derived from one or moreobserved values.3.1.5 test method, na definitive procedure that produces atest result.3.1.5.1 DiscussionExamples
7、of test methods include, butare not limited to: identification, measurement, and evaluationof one or more qualities, characteristics, or properties. ASTMRegulations 2.2.63.1.6 test observation, nsee observation.3.1.7 test result, nthe value of a characteristic obtained bycarrying out a specified tes
8、t method.NOTE 2The test method specifies that one or a number of individualobservations be made, and their average or another appropriate function,(such as the median or the standard deviation), be reported as the testresult. It can also require standard corrections to be applied, such ascorrection
9、of gas volumes to standard temperature and pressure. Thus, atest result can be a result calculated from several observed values. In thesimple case, the test result is the observed value itself. ISO 3534-2(3.3.4.1)3.1.8 test specimen, nthe portion of a test unit needed toobtain a single test determin
10、ation.NOTE 3When used for a physical test, this is sometimes called “testpiece.” For a chemical test, it is sometimes called test portion or testsample. For optical and other tests, it is also sometimes called test sample.In interlaboratory evaluation of test methods and other statistical proce-dure
11、s, it is best to reserve the word sample for the whole amount ofmaterial involved and not the individual test specimens, pieces or portionsbeing tested.3.1.9 test unit, nthe total quantity of material (containingone or more test specimens) needed to obtain a test result asspecified in the test metho
12、d. See test result.4. Significance and Use4.1 All test methods have an output in the form of a testresult. This guide provides information on the construction oftest results from more elemental measurements.4.2 A well defined test result is necessary before anyprecision statements can be made about
13、the test method.4.2.1 Form and Style for ASTM Standards, Section A21,requires that every test method shall contain a statementregarding its precision, preferably as a result of an interlabo-ratory test program. Reporting of such studies is described inE 177, which illustrates the development of test
14、 results fromobservations and test determinations.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality andStatistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test MethodEvaluation and Quality Control.Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published August 2003.2An
15、nual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2.2 Precision statements for ASTM test methods areapplicable to test results. They are not applicable to testdeterminations or observations, unl
16、ess specifically and clearlyindicated otherwise.5. Developing the Test Result5.1 A test method may have three distinct stages: (1) thedirect measurement or observation of dimensions or properties,or the occurrence of an event; (2) the arithmetical combinationof observed values to obtain a single det
17、ermination; and (3) thearithmetical combination of a number of determinations toobtain the test result of a test method.5.2 Observation:5.2.1 An observation or observed value should be inter-preted as the most elemental single reading or correctedreading obtained in the process of making a test or m
18、easure-ment.5.2.2 An observation may be a classification into one of twocategories or a numerical value on a continuous scale. Anobservation may involve a direct reading (for example, azero-adjusted micrometer reading of the thickness of a test stripat one position along the strip) or it may require
19、 the interpo-lation of the reading from a calibration curve.5.3 Test Determination:5.3.1 For a quantitative test method, a test determinationmay be described as the process of calculating from one ormore observations a property of a single test specimen, or asthe value obtained from the process. Thu
20、s, a test determinationmay summarize or combine one or more observations.5.3.2 For a qualitative test, such as a binary procedure, thetest determination may be the total number of items falling intoone of the two classifications following repetition of the basicprotocol.5.3.3 In some cases the proto
21、col may require observations tobe made under several test conditions and then calculating atest determination from these observations.5.3.4 Examples of a Test Determination:5.3.4.1 The measurement of the density of a test specimenmay involve the separate observation of the mass and thevolume of the
22、specimen and the calculation of the ratiomass/volume. The density calculated from the ratio of one pairof mass and volume observations made on one specimen is atest determination.5.3.4.2 The determination of the thickness of a test speci-men strip may involve averaging micrometer caliper observa-tio
23、ns taken at several points along the strip.5.3.4.3 A set of three cigarettes is ignited on a fabric. Eachcigarette is observed to burn or not burn. The number of burnsout of the set of three is a test determination.5.4 A test result is the value obtained by carrying out thecomplete protocol of the t
24、est method once, being either a singletest determination or a specified combination of a number oftest determinations.5.4.1 In general, the test method should describe not onlythe manner in which each test determination is to be made, butalso the number of test determinations to be made and howthese
25、 are to be combined to provide the test result.5.4.2 Examples of a Test Result:5.4.2.1 The test method on density might require that themass and volume observations of a specimen be combined togive a test determination of density (5.3.4.1) and the testdetermination of each of five specimens be avera
26、ged to give atest result.5.4.2.2 The test method for paper thickness may require thatthe determination of strip thickness in 5.3.4.2 be made on tenstrips and that the ten test determinations be averaged to givethe test result.5.4.2.3 The test method for a tensile strength test of papermay specify th
27、at a tensile strength determination be performedon each of ten specimens and that the ten tensile test determi-nations be averaged to get the test result.5.4.2.4 In chemical analyses a variety of situations mayoccur. Thus, in some cases, the method may call for thepreparation of a single solution fr
28、om a test unit, and measure-ment on three aliquots (specimens) of the solution made up toa specified volume. The average of the three analytical deter-minations would then be called the test result. In other cases ofchemical analysis, the method may call for two individual testdeterminations, each o
29、ne made on a different specimen withrecalibration of the measuring instrument for each of the twodeterminations. The average of the two determinations wouldthen be the test result.5.4.2.5 In rubber testing, the method may describe not onlythe shape of the test specimen to be taken from a sheet ofrub
30、ber, but also the preparation of the sheet, including com-pounding and curing. For example, one rubber test methodspecifies that four sheets be individually compounded andcured and three specimens tested from each sheet. The testresult is then defined as the average of the four medians, eachmedian b
31、eing the middle determination, in the order ofmagnitude, of the three values obtained from a sheet.5.4.2.6 Some test methods, such as those for analyticalchemistry, involve calibration with known standard substances.The originally collected test determinations may be subjectedto complex computationa
32、l and statistical treatment prior tobeing converted into a test result. Such treatment might includeseparation of the analytical response for the substance ofinterest from the chromatographic absorption data, eliminationor other treatment of outliers (see Practice E 178) in the datafor the known sta
33、ndard substances, and preparation of acalibration curve to determine the test result.6. Keywords6.1 observation; test determination; test method; test resultE2282032ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this
34、 standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be
35、reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of therespo
36、nsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2282033
