1、Designation: E2533 16aE2533 17Standard Guide forNondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Usedin Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2533; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide pro
3、vides information to help engineers select appropriate nondestructive testing (NDT) methods to characterizeaerospace polymer matrix composites (PMCs). This guide does not intend to describe every inspection technology. Rather,emphasis is placed on established NDT methods that have been developed int
4、o consensus standards and that are currently usedby industry. Specific practices and test methods are not described in detail, but are referenced. The referenced NDT practices andtest methods have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of PMCs during process design and optimization, process contr
5、ol, aftermanufacture inspection, in-service inspection, and health monitoring.1.2 This guide does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving compositematerials or components for service.1.3 This guide covers the following established NDT methods as app
6、lied to PMCs: Acoustic Emission (AE, 7), ComputedTomography (CT, 8), Leak Testing (LT, 9), Radiographic Testing, Computed Radiography, Digital Radiography, and Radioscopy(RT, CR, DR, RTR, 10), Shearography (11), Strain Measurement (contact methods, 12), Thermography (13), Ultrasonic Testing(UT, 14),
7、 and Visual Testing (VT, 15).1.4 The value of this guide consists of the narrative descriptions of general procedures and significance and use sections forestablished NDT practices and test methods as applied to PMCs. Additional information is provided about the use of currentlyactive standard docum
8、ents (an emphasis is placed on applicable standard guides, practices, and test methods ofASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Testing), geometry and size considerations, safety and hazards considerations, and information aboutphysical reference standards.1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced sta
9、ndard documents, there are recognized NDT specialists that are certified inaccordance with industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be a part of any compositecomponent design, quality assurance, in-service maintenance or damage examination.1.6 This guide summa
10、rizes the application of NDT procedures to fiber- and fabric-reinforced polymeric matrix composites. Thecomposites of interest are primarily, but not exclusively limited to those containing high modulus (greater than 20 GPa (3106 psi)fibers. Furthermore, an emphasis is placed on composites with cont
11、inuous (versus discontinuous) fiber reinforcement.1.7 This guide is applicable to PMCs containing but not limited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide),polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermo-setting
12、 and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, orsilicon carbide fibers.1.8 The composite materials considered herein include uniaxial laminae, cross-ply laminates, angle-ply laminates, and structuralsandwich constructions. T
13、he composite components made therefrom include filament-wound pressure vessels, flight controlsurfaces, and various structural composites.1.9 For current and potential NDT procedures for finding indications of discontinuities in the composite overwrap infilament-wound pressure vessels, also known as
14、 composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs), refer to Guide E2981.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Specialized NDTMethods.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016June 1, 2017. Published
15、January 2017June 2017. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asE253316.16a. DOI: 10.1520/E2533-16a.10.1520/E2533-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the pre
16、vious version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM I
17、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.10 For a summary of the application of destructive ASTM standard practices and test methods (and other supportingstandards) to continuous-fiber reinforced PMCs, refer to Guide D4762.1.11 The values st
18、ated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropri
19、ate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of Internation
20、al Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD4762 Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsE543 Specification for Agencies Per
21、forming Nondestructive TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE2981 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of the Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in AerospaceApplications2.2 ASNT Standard:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice
22、 for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing32.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Curing Press Straining Block (13 Drawings)43. Terminology3.1 AbbreviationsThe following abbreviations are adopted in this guide: Acoustic Emission (AE), Computed Radiography(CR), Computed Tomography (CT), Digi
23、tal Radiography (DR), Leak Testing (LT), Radiographic Testing(RT), Testing (RT),Radioscopy (RTR), and Ultrasonic Testing (UT).3.2 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms related to NDT of aerospace composites which appear in Terminology E1316 andTerminology D3878 shall apply to the terms used in the guide.3
24、.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 aerospaceany component that will be installed on a system that flies.3.3.2 cognizant engineering organizationthe company, government agency, or other authority responsible for the design, orend use, of the system or component for which NDT is r
25、equired. This, in addition to the design personnel, may include personnelfrom engineering, materials and process engineering, stress analysis, NDT, or quality groups and other, as appropriate.3.3.3 composite materialsee Terminology D3878.3.3.4 composite componenta finished part containing composite
26、material(s) that is in its end use application configuration, andwhich has undergone processing, fabrication, and assembly to the extent specified by the drawing, purchase order, or contract.3.3.5 composite shella multilayer filament-winding that comprises a second shell that reinforces the inner sh
27、ell. Thecomposite shell consists of continuous fibers, impregnated with a matrix material, wound around the inner shell, and cured in place.The number of layers, fiber orientation, and composite shell thickness may vary from point-to-point.3.3.5 disbondsee Terminology D3878.3.3.7 filament wound pres
28、sure vesselan inner shell over-wrapped with composite layers that form a composite shell. The innershell or liner may consist of an impervious metallic or nonmetallic material. The vessel may be cylindrical or spherical and willhave at least one penetration with valve attachments for introducing and
29、 holding pressurized liquids or gases.3.3.6 in-servicerefers to composite components that have completed initial fabrication and are in use (or in storage) for theirintended function.3.3.7 microcrackinvisible cracks (15) aspect ratios.A digitized cross-sectional CT-density map(tomogram) of the artic
30、leunder test. Allows full,three dimensional CT-density maps to beobtained for sufficientlysmall composite parts.Tooling and/or part-handling fixtures may berequired.Leak Testing Any composite materialor component acrosswhich a differentialpressure exists andwhere through-leakageor in-leakage of prod
31、uct,air, water vapor, or othercontaminant over theprojected service life areof concern.Less ambiguous thanliquid penetrant testing;more sensitive than AEor UT.Test equipment costsincrease as the requiredleak test sensitivityincreases.Qualitative indications,for example bubbles, orquantitativemeasure
32、ments, forexample, detectordeflections, thatascertain the presenceor location, orconcentration or leakrate of a leaking fluid.Different techniques areavailable forcharacterization of largeleaks (with rates as highas 10-2 Pa m3 s-1 (10-1std cm3 s-1) and smallleaks (rates less than10-5 Pa m3 s-1 (10-4
33、 stdcm3 s-1).Radiography,Computed Radiography,Radiography with DigitalDetector Arrays,RadioscopyPrimarily detects sub-surface imperfections ordiscontinuities such asporosity sometimes possible fromdigital images aftercalibration or withadditional X-rayexposures from differentdirections.Projected are
34、a anddensity variation ofsubsurface imperfectionsor discontinuities.Part may need to bemoved to an X-ray lab;Film RT requires filmstorage and disposal ofchemicals which can beexpensive. Digitaltechniques (CR, DDA)are usually faster.Radiation safety. Inradioscopy, radiationsafety more problematicif a
35、 moving source isused, versus movementof part.E2533 175criticality (length of data retention), specification change, specification revision and date, software and hardware considerationswill also govern how reporting is performed.TABLE 2 ContinuedNDT Method Applications Advantages Limitations What I
36、s Seenand Reported? Other ConsiderationsShearography Detects subsurfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities orchanges in modulus orout-of-plane deformation.Well suited for highspeed, automatedinspection in productionenvironments.Subsurface imperfectionor discontinuity must besufficiently large tocause me
37、asurablesurface deformationunder load. Surfacecondition, especiallyglossiness, can interferewith accurateshearographic detection,thus requiring the use ofsurface dulling agents(exception: thermalshearography).An interference patterncreated by subtracting orsuperimposing images ofthe article under te
38、sttaken before and afterloading, thus revealinglocalized strainconcentrations.Additional equipment isrequired to determinesurface derivative slopechanges, and thus usesthe method as aquantitative tool.Strain Measurement Can be used to measurestatic and dynamictensile and compressivestrain, as well a
39、sshearing, Poisson,bending, and torsionalstrains.Relatively inexpensive,and less bulky and betterresolution thanextensometers (canachieve an overallaccuracy of better than 0.10% strain).Individual strain gaugescannot be calibrated andare susceptible tounwanted noise andother sources of errorsuch as
40、expansion orcontraction of the strain-gauge element, changein the resistivity, andhysteresis and creepcaused by imperfectbonding.The output of aresistance measuringcircuit is expressed inmillivolts output per voltinput.Depending on desiredsensitivity, resistance todrift, insensitivity totemperature
41、variations,or stability of installation,a variety of straingauges are available (forexample, semiconductorwafer sensors, metallicbonded strain gauges,thin-film and diffusedsemiconductor straingauges).Thermography Detects disbonds,delaminations, voids,pits, cracks, inclusions,and occlusions,especiall
42、y in thin articlesunder test having lowthermal conductivity, lowreflectivity/high emissivitysurfaces, and inmaterials which dissipateenergy efficiently,Quick observation oflarge surfaces andidentification of regionsthat should be examinedmore carefully.Composites havetemperature limitsbeyond whichir
43、reversible matrix andfiber damage can occur.Imperfection ordiscontinuity detectiondepends on orientationof an imperfection ordiscontinuity relative tothe direction of heatflow. In thicker materials,only qualitativeindications ofimperfections ordiscontinuities arepossible.The areal temperaturedistrib
44、ution is measuredby mapping contours ofequal temperature(isotherms), thus yieldinga heat emission patternrelated to surface andsubsurface defects.Both contact (requiresapplication of a coating)and noncontact methods(relies on detection ofinfrared blackbodyradiation) are available.Thermography is eit
45、herpassive or active, activethermography can befurther subdivided intopulse or lock-intechniques.Ultrasonic Testing Detects sub-surfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities. There aretwo primary techniques;pulse echo for one sidedinspections and throughtransmission for twosided inspections.Detects sub-sur
46、faceimperfections ordiscontinuities includingporosity, inclusions, anddelaminations.Requires a relatively flatand smooth surface.Material type can affectinspectability.Imperfections ordiscontinuities aredirectly recorded onamplitude images.Possible fluidentrapment; possiblefluid absorption intoporou
47、s materials such ascomposites. Numeroustechniques availableincluding longitudinal,shear or surface waves.Attenuation can becomparatively high inPMCs compared tometallic articles.Visual Testing Detects disruptions onsurfaces being viewed.Low cost. Detect surfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities includi
48、ngdelaminations, fiberbreakage, impactdamage.Requires direct line ofsight.Imperfections ordiscontinuities aredirectly recorded oninspectiondocumentationsometimes photographs.Can find imperfections ordiscontinuities on insidediameters if a centralconductor can beinserted and satisfactoryelectrical co
49、ntact made.E2533 1766. Procedure6.1 When NDTproduces an indication of a material discontinuity, the indication is subject to interpretation as false, nonrelevant,or relevant (Fig. 1). If the indication has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in the decisionto accept or reject the composite material or component.7. Acoustic Emission7.1 Referenced Documents7.1.1 ASTM Standards:2E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures during Controlled SimulationE650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Senso
