1、Designation: E 2558 07e1Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in LowMass Wood-Burning Fireplaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial corrections made to 9.2.1 in May 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and
3、 operatingprotocol for determining particulate matter emissions fromwood fires in low mass wood-burning fireplaces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafe
4、ty concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 2515 Test Method for Determina
5、tion of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected in a Dilution TunnelE 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this test method are definedin Terminology E 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 douglas fir, nuntreated, standard, or bett
6、er gradeDouglas fir lumber with agency grade stamp: D. Fir or DouglasFir.3.2.2 firebox, nthe volume within the fireplace where logsare burned.3.2.3 first fuel crib, nthe first fuel load (including fuelpieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on the residualfuel from the kindling brands. The s
7、pecific configuration isdescribed in 9.3.1.4.3.2.4 fuel piece, n2 3 4or43 4 wood pieces used toconstruct fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width anddepth dimensions for commonly available dimensional lumber.The actual dimensions are 38 mm 3 89 mm (112 in. 3 312in.) and 89 mm 3 89 mm (312 in. 3
8、 312 in.).3.2.5 grate, nany device included with the fireplace orspecified by the fireplace manufacturer, for the purpose ofelevating the fuel load above the hearth or for constraining fuelpieces from falling outside the intended burning area, or both.This includes basket grates and andirons.3.2.6 h
9、earth, nthe footprint of the fireplace firebox.3.2.7 kindling brands, nthe initial fuel load or loadsplaced above crumpled newspaper to initiate combustion in thefireplace and to establish a charcoal bed that will become theignition source for subsequent fuel loads. These are comprisedof fuel strips
10、 separated by air spaces. The specific configurationis described in 9.3.4.3.2.8 low mass fireplace, nany fireplace and attachedchimney that can be weighed (including the weight of the testfuel) on a platform scale that meets the requirements asspecified in 8.2.3.2.9 nominal fuel length, nthe Nominal
11、 Fuel Length(NFL) is one of five incremental nominal fuel piece lengthsthat simulates real-world firewood five piece lengths. Theselengths are 406 mm (16 in.), 457 mm (18 in.), 508 mm (20 in.),559 mm (22 in.), and 610 mm (24 in.). The NFL is used forboth the kindling brands and fuel cribs.3.2.10 par
12、ticulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test MethodE 2515.3.2.11 second fuel crib, nthe second fuel load (includingfuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on theresidual fu
13、el from the first fuel crib. The specific configurationis described in 9.3.4.5.3.2.12 spacers, nwood pieces used to hold individual fuelpieces together when constructing the three fuel cribs. Theirfunction is to provide reproducible fuel crib geometry and airspaces between fuel pieces, as well as to
14、 hold the fuel cribstogether (with nails).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007.2For referenced AS
15、TM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
16、ocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.13 standardized fuel retainer, nany fireplace thatdoesnt include or specify a grate as defined in 3.2.11 shall usea standardized fuel retainer during testing. These retainers shallinclude vertical fuel retainer bars that are made from 19 mm 319 mm (0.75 in. 3
17、0.75 in.) steel square bar or 19 mm (0.75in.) diameter round steel bar and shall be 200 mm 6 50 mm (8in. 6 2 in.) high. They shall be attached to a steel plate thatprojects toward the front of the fireplace and shall not interferewith any fireplace function. They shall be spaced so they are300 mm 6
18、13 mm (12 in. 612 in.) apart. Their purpose is toprevent fuel from rolling or falling forward during testing, thushelping to prevent an aborted test. See Fig. 1.3.2.14 test facility, nthe area in which the tested fireplaceis installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.3.2.15 third fuel crib, nthe
19、 third and final fuel load(including fuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placedon the residual fuel from the second fuel crib. The specificconfiguration is described in 9.3.4.6.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with TestMethod E 2515. The fireplace under
20、evaluation is fueled withkindling and cribs in a way that simulates fireplace operation inthe home. An algorithm that uses the specific configuration ofthe test fireplace, including hearth and grate dimensions, isused to determine the kindling and fuel crib geometry anddimensions. Kindling brands ar
21、e placed in the fireplace abovecrumpled newspaper and ignited. When the kindling brandshave burned to a certain point, the first fuel crib is placed on theremains of the kindling. When the first crib is substantiallyburned, the remaining material is adjusted as needed to form abase for the second cr
22、ib. This process is repeated again beforeaddition of the third crib. The third crib is allowed to burn untilall flaming from volatile material in the fuel ceases, at whichpoint the test is terminated. Burn rate is determined based onthe amount of fuel added less the amount remaining at the endof the
23、 test divided by the length of test and corrected to a dryfuel basis. Particulate sampling begins at the time of ignition ofthe newspaper and stops when the test terminates. The totalparticulate emissions are determined over the test period. Theparticulate emissions factor is then determined from th
24、e totalemissions and the total amount of fuel burned and is reportedin grams of particulate per dry kilogram of fuel or grams ofparticulate per hour.4.2 If the test fireplace includes standard (or offers optional)components that affect particulate emission performance andthat have more than one oper
25、ating position or conditionallowed in the owners manual that accompanies the fireplace,separate emissions tests may be required for each of the variouspositions or conditions that are allowed in the manual. Thismight include things like door open and door closed operation,for example. See 9.4.11-9.4
26、.13.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for determining emissionfactors and emission rates for low mass wood-burning fire-places.5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emissionperformance during product development.5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air qualityr
27、egulatory community for determining compliance with emis-sion performance limits.5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining impacts on air qualityfrom fireplaces, but must be used with caution as use patternsmust be factored into any prediction of a
28、tmospheric particulatematter impacts from fireplaces based on results from thismethod.5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilo-gram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per hour.5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissionsfrom non-heating appliances: g/kg.5.2.2 Appropri
29、ate reporting units for predicting atmosphericemission impacts only if hours of fireplace use are factored in:g/hour.6. Safety6.1 DisclaimerThis test method may involve hazardousmaterials, operations, and equipment. This test method may notaddress all of the safety problems associated with its use.
30、It isthe responsibility of the user of this test method to establishFIG. 1 Example, Standardized Fuel RetainerE255807e12appropriate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing thistest method.7. Equipment and Supplies7.1 Wood Moisture M
31、eterCalibrated electrical resistancemeter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1 %moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirementsspecified in 8.1.7.2 Test Fuel ScaleA scale capable of weighing test fuelto within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibration require-ments specifie
32、d in 8.3.7.3 Platform ScaleA scale capable of weighing the testfireplace and attached chimney, including the weight of the testfuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibrationrequirements specified in 8.2.7.4 Fireplace Flue Gas Temperature MeasurementDeviceA 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sh
33、eathed, non-isolatedjunction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gastemperature with an accuracy of 3C (5.4F). Must meetcalibration requirements specified in 8.4.7.5 Fireplace Temperature Measuring DeviceA tempera-ture sensor capable of measuring firebox surface temperatureswith an accurac
34、y of 3C (5.4F). Must meet calibrationrequirements specified in 8.4.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrate as per the manufac-turers instructions before each certification test.8.2 Platform ScalePerform a multi-point calibration (atleast five points spanning the operationa
35、l range) of the platformscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the test fireplace in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20
36、and 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or1%oftheexpected testfuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the scalebefore use with at least five calibration weights spanning theoperational r
37、ange of the scale.8.3 Test Fuel ScalePerform a multi-point calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the test fuelscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with th
38、e wood heater in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or1%oftheexpected testfuel charge weight, which
39、ever is greater, recalibrate the scalebefore use with at least five calibration weights spanning theoperational range of the scale.8.4 Temperature SensorsTemperature measuring equip-ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be NIST traceabl
40、e anddemonstrate accuracy of 62C (3.6F).9. Procedure9.1 Pre-Conditioning of the FireplaceThe fireplace to beevaluated must be burned for at least 10 h prior to testing foremissions. This may be done inside or outside the test facility.9.1.1 Set up the fireplace in accordance with instructionsprovide
41、d by the manufacturer. The total height of chimneywhen measured from the floor or top of the platform scale shallbe 4.6 m 6 0.3 m (15 ft 61 ft).9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe center of the flue, 2.4 m 6 0.1m(8ft6 0.3 ft) above thefloor.9.1.3 Record the start time and f
42、lue gas temperature.9.1.4 Ignite a fire using newspaper and kindling andestablish an actively burning fire. Add more fuel as needed tosustain the fire.NOTE 1Any type of untreated wood may be used for the pre-conditioning.9.1.5 Record the time and weight for all fuel added.9.1.6 Record the flue-gas t
43、emperature at least once duringeach 30 min of operation.9.1.7 Record the ending time, total wood weight of woodburned, and total elapsed time of operation.9.1.8 When the pre-conditioning fire is completed, allowthe fireplace to cool to room temperature and remove allunburned wood, charcoal, ash, or
44、other debris from the firebox.9.1.9 Clean the chimney using a standard chimney brushappropriately sized for the chimney.9.2 Install the fireplace in the test facility.9.2.1 Set up the fireplace in accordance with instructionsprovided by the manufacturer. Use the chimney type suppliedor specified by
45、the manufacturer. The total height of chimneywhen measured from the top of the platform scale shall be 4.6m 6 0.3 m (15 ft 6 1 ft). Do not install a chimney cap.NOTE 2The chimney that is used for testing should be documented inthe test data and test report.9.2.2 Center the flue outlet (chimney) unde
46、r the dilutiontunnel hood. Refer to Test Method E 2515 for specific require-ments including positioning the flue outlet to meet induceddraft and smoke capture requirements.9.2.3 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe center of the flue, 2.4 m 6 0.1m(8ft6 0.3 ft) above thefloor.9.3 F
47、uel9.3.1 Fuel Properties9.3.1.1 The fuel is untreated, standard, or better gradeDouglas fir lumber.9.3.1.2 Fuel MoistureThe fuel moisture shall be measuredusing a fuel moisture meter as specified in 7.1. Moisture shallnot be added to previously dried fuel pieces. Fuel moistureshall be measured withi
48、n four hours of using the fuel for a test.(1) Kindling LoadsThe average fuel moisture for eachfuel strip used in each of the two specified kindling brands shallbe between 6 and 12 % Dry Basis. Kiln-dried lumber ispermitted for the kindling brands. Determine fuel moisture foreach fuel strip. One mois
49、ture meter reading from each strip,measured parallel to the wood grain is sufficient. If an electricalresistance type fuel moisture meter is used, penetration ofE255807e13insulated electrodes shall be14 the thickness of the fuel strips.Average all the readings for all the fuel strips for each kindlingbrand to determine the average fuel moisture for each kindlingbrand.(2) Main Fuel CribsThe average fuel moisture for eachfuel piece used to construct each of the three fuel cribs shall bebetween 19 and 25 % Dry Basis. Kiln-dried lumber is
