1、Designation: E2733 10Standard Guide forInvestigation of Equipment Problems and Releases forPetroleum Underground Storage Tank Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2733; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide provides a framework for the development of procedures and directions for theinvestig
3、ation of equipment problems associated with petroleum underground storage tank (UST)systems and releases. It gives the user practical suggestions of how to investigate equipment andinstallation problems, document findings, and in some cases prepare samples of failed equipment forlaboratory analysis.
4、 Use of this guide may result in the identification of equipment and installationproblems that can be corrected in future tank system designs and equipment maintenance programs toprevent releases to the environment.1. Scope1.1 OverviewThis guide is an organized collection ofinformation and series of
5、 options for industry, regulators,consultants and the public, intended to assist with the devel-opment of investigation protocols for underground storage tankfacilities in the United States. While the guide does notrecommend a specific course of action, it establishes aninvestigation framework, and
6、it provides a series of techniquesthat may be employed to: identify equipment problems; insome cases prepare samples of failed equipment for laboratoryanalysis; and document the investigation. The guide includesinformation on methods of investigation, documentation, tak-ing samples of problem equipm
7、ent; preservation of equipmentsamples; chain of custody; storage; shipping; working withequipment manufacturers; and notification of regulators andlisting laboratories. The goal in using the guide is to identifythe appropriate level of investigation and to gather andpreserve information in an organi
8、zed manner, which could beused in the future to improve system design or performance.While this guide may act as a starting point for users withlimited experience in failure investigation, the user is encour-aged to consult with failure analysis experts for specificinvestigation procedures that may
9、be needed for certain equip-ment and the investigation should be conducted by a qualifiedprofessional. As users develop their specific investigationprotocols, they may find that the investigations can be stream-lined for certain types of facilities.1.2 Limitations of This Guide:1.2.1 Given the varia
10、bility of the different investigators thatmay wish to use this guide and the different types of facilitiesand failures that will be investigated, it is not possible toaddress all the relevant standards that might apply to aparticular investigation. This guide uses generalized languageand examples to
11、 guide the user. If it is not clear to the user howto apply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recom-mended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals.1.2.2 This guide does not address safety issues associatedwith the investigation, taking samples and storing equipment.use
12、rs are cautioned to exercise proper care in handling equip-ment that was in contact with flammable and combustibleliquids and vapors. Some of the activities described in thisguide may be subject to OSHA (Occupational Safety andHealth Administration) regulations or may only be conductedby individuals
13、 with appropriate HAZWOPER (HazardousWaste Operations and Emergency Response) training certifi-cations recognized by federal and state regulatory authorities,such as HAZWOPER training.1.2.3 This guide does not address laboratory investigationsof material properties and detailed failure analysis.1.2.
14、4 This guide does not cover underground storage tanksystems storing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).1.2.5 This guide does not replace state-required closureassessments and investigations. Requirements vary from stateto state and often include specific sampling requirements.1This guide is under the jur
15、isdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. DOI:10.1520/E273310.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
16、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1188 Practice for Collection and Preservation of
17、Informa-tion and Physical Items by a Technical InvestigatorF1127 Guide for Containment of Hazardous Material Spillsby Emergency Response Personnel2.2 Other Standards:STD 2015 Requirements for Safe Entry and Cleaning ofPetroleum Storage Tanks, 6th EditionAugust 20013RP 2016 Guidelines and Procedures
18、for Entering and Clean-ing Petroleum Storage Tanks, 1st EditionAugust 20013PEI/RP 100 Recommended Practices for Installation ofUnderground Liquid Petroleum Storage Systems, Petro-leum Equipment Institute (PEI)4NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code52.3 Federal Regulations:649 CFR 172 Hazardo
19、us Materials Table, Special Provisions,Hazardous Materials Communications, Emergency Re-sponse Information, and Training Requirements29 CFR 1910.146 Occupational Safety and Health Stan-dards, Subpart J, General Environmental Controls, Permit-required Confined Spaces3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.
20、1 equipment problems or problem equipmentany fail-ure, malfunction, or other issue that has resulted in abnormalequipment condition or operation or that has resulted in arelease or suspected release.3.1.2 release preventionactivities that reduce the risk ofhuman and environmental exposure to petrole
21、um or hazardoussubstances. In the United States, underground storage tank andtoxic use reduction regulations are examples of such require-ments.3.1.3 underground storage tanka tank and any under-ground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10 % of itscombined volume underground.3.1.4 wasted
22、iscarded solid or liquid materials that may behazardous to public health or the environment. Solid andhazardous waste require controls on handling, transport, stor-age treatment, and disposal.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide may be used in the investigation of under-ground storage tank systems
23、for equipment problems in a widevariety of applications. Use of this guide is voluntary. It isintended to assist users who want to investigate equipmentfailures and malfunctions.4.2 The following groups of users may find the guideparticularly helpful:4.2.1 Storage tank system designers;4.2.2 Storage
24、 tank installers;4.2.3 Storage tank maintenance contractors;4.2.4 Storage tank removal contractors;4.2.5 Storage tank inspectors;4.2.6 Federal, state or local regulators, including depart-ments of health, departments of environmental protection, andfire departments;4.2.7 Storage tank release detecti
25、on installers;4.2.8 Storage tank testers;4.2.9 Petroleum release remediation consultants;4.2.10 Storage tank equipment manufacturers;4.2.11 Insurance adjusters;4.2.12 Storage tank owners and operators;4.2.12.1 Retail fuel service station owners and operators;4.2.12.2 Small businesses or enterprises;
26、4.2.12.3 Service industries;4.2.12.4 Waste managers, including liquid and solid wastehaulers, treatment, recycling, disposal and transfer;4.2.12.5 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as themilitary;4.2.12.6 Specific industrial sectors such as dry cleaners,printers, photo processors, laboratorie
27、s; and4.2.13 Consultants, auditors, inspectors, and complianceassistance personnel.4.3 This guide is intended to assist in the development ofprotocols for the investigation of a malfunction or failure ofstorage tank systems and the implementation of said protocols.This guide outlines steps that may
28、be necessary and include,but are not limited to initial evaluation of the UST system todetermine the malfunction(s); preparation of samples of failedequipment for laboratory analysis; and document the investi-gation. The guide provides a series of investigation options onwhich the user may design fa
29、ilure investigation protocols. Theguide describes common investigation techniques in the orderin which they might be employed in an investigation.4.4 A user may elect to utilize this guide for a number ofreasons, which include, but are not limited to:4.4.1 To differentiate new releases from new disc
30、overy ofold releases;4.4.2 To establish malfunction and failure rates of variousstorage tank equipment components;4.4.3 To determine expected life spans of various storagetank equipment components;4.4.4 To identify opportunities for improving the perfor-mance and reliability of storage tank equipmen
31、t;4.4.5 To focus inspection and maintenance efforts on thoseportions of the tank system that are most prone to malfunctionand failure;2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
32、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.4Available from Petroleum Equipment Institute (PEI), P. O. Box 2380, Tulsa,OK 74101-2380, http:/www.pei.org.5Ava
33、ilable from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.6Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.E2733 1024.4.6 To
34、identify those components of the storage tanksystem that require more frequent maintenance;4.4.7 To reduce remediation and equipment replacementcosts;4.4.8 To prevent petroleum releases;4.4.9 To identify those conditions that may cause or con-tribute to the deterioration or cause the malfunction and
35、 failureof various components of the UST system; and4.4.10 To comply with environmental regulations thatrequire the investigation of release detection alarms and thesource of releases.4.5 This guide may be used to establish a framework, whichpulls together the common approaches to investigation. The
36、framework will allow the user to establish an investigationprotocol to meet their specific requirements. Specific userrequirements will vary depending upon the purposes of the datacollection and the decisions that the investigation is intended tosupport. This guide does not provide methods to establ
37、ishspecific user investigation requirements nor does it establishminimum levels of documentation.4.6 This guide is not intended to require the user to conducta failure investigation.4.7 This guide is focused on the identification, documenta-tion, and preservation of underground storage tank systemeq
38、uipment problems. It does not provide guidance on estab-lishing root causes of malfunction or failure. The identificationof root causes of malfunction or failure may require furtherexpert analysis of the data and equipment collected during thefailure investigation.4.8 This guide does not address all
39、 the safety measures thatmust be taken when removing and disassembling undergroundstorage tank systems. Because most underground storage tanksystems have contained flammable or combustible liquidsspecial precautions should be taken to prevent fire, explosionsand exposure to toxic vapors. API standar
40、d STD 2015 andRP 2016 address some of the safety considerations as do manyof the procedures available from fire departments.5. Elements of Failure Investigation5.1 The guide will acquaint users with methods and toolsthat may be used in investigations of equipment problemsassociated with petroleum un
41、derground storage tanks andreleases. The user may include a subset of the methodsdescribed in this guide in their investigation. The user mayconsider a variety of factors in determining which combinationof the methods to employ. For example, the manner ofdiscovering a release may influence the metho
42、ds employed. Ifthere is an indication of a release from release detection or offsite impacts, the user may select failure investigation methodsthat rely on records reviews and non-destructive tests. If therelease is discovered during tank removal, some equipmenttests may not be possible, and the use
43、r may choose visualexamination techniques. If there are no indications of a release,the user may choose to employ visual examination techniquesto check on the site assessment information that indicated thatno release occurred.5.2 General RecordsGathering and reviewing recordsprior to the physical in
44、vestigation may help focus the investi-gation and make the investigation run smoothly. Reviewingrecords from the following categories may help inform the userwhat types of equipment to expect, where the equipment can befound, the repair and maintenance history and prior releases.These records may be
45、 in the possession of the owner(s) of thepetroleum underground storage tank system; a third partyconsultant or maintenance contractor; or one or more regula-tory entities. The user may find that it is beneficial to organizethe records and bring them to the field investigation forreference.5.2.1 Equi
46、pment purchase records.5.2.2 Installation records:5.2.2.1 “Record” or “as-built” drawings andor site plans;5.2.2.2 Installation check lists;5.2.2.3 Pre-operation leak checks;5.2.2.4 Regulatory registration data;5.2.2.5 Warranty registration data; and5.2.2.6 Photos and videos of the original installa
47、tion.5.2.3 Operating and Maintenance ManualsSome equip-ment manufacturers make copies of operation and maintenancemanuals available in printed or electronic form. The user cancheck the manufacturers web sites for ordering or download-ing manuals.5.2.4 Repair records;5.2.5 Inventory control records;5
48、.2.6 Release detection records;5.2.7 Equipment alarm histories;5.2.8 Tightness testing records; and5.2.9 Prior monitoring well, site assessment and remedia-tion records.5.3 Pinpointing The Source of a Release and Malfunction-ing Equipment in an Operating or Undisturbed Tank System:5.3.1 VisualCarefu
49、l observation of the equipment mayreveal misalignment of equipment and malfunctioning compo-nents. While not always the case, generally undergroundstorage tank equipment is installed in alignment and shouldremain in alignment throughout the life of the system. Pooralignment of the installed equipment may indicate shifting,settling, creep, expansion or failure of components. Installationphotos when compared to the current conditions may helpdetermine if the condition of the underground storage tanksystem has deteriorated. Visual indicators of potential prob-lems in the
