1、Designation: E2780 10Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from WoodHeaters1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining particulate matter emissions fromwood fires in wood-b
3、urning room heaters and fireplace insertsas well as determining heat output and efficiency.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
4、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2515 Test Met
5、hod for Determination of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/UL-103 Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Resi-dential Type and Building Heating ApplianceCSA B415.1 Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-BurningHeating Appliances3. Terminology3.1 Definitions
6、Terms used in this test method are definedin Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn rate, nthe rate at which test fuel is consumedin a wood heater. Measured in kilograms (lb) (dry basis) perhour.3.2.2 combustion air control, nan air control device thatregulate
7、s air to the wood heater that is primarily intendedpromote pyrolysis of the fuel load.3.2.3 Douglas fir, nuntreated, standard, or better gradeDouglas fir lumber with agency grade stamp: D. Fir or DouglasFir.3.2.4 firebox, nthe chamber in the wood heater in whichthe test fuel charge is placed and com
8、busted.3.2.5 fuel piece, n2 3 4or43 4 wood pieces used toconstruct test fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width anddepth dimensions for commonly available dimensional lumber.The actual dimensions are 38 3 89 mm (112 3 312 in.) and 893 89 mm (312 3 312 in.).3.2.6 fuel piece length, nthe length
9、of fuel pieces used toconstruct the test fuel crib measured in mm (in.).3.2.7 firebox height, nunless otherwise specified in themanufacturers written instructions included with the heater,firebox height is the vertical distance extending above theloading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that sp
10、ace, butnot more than 2 inches above the top (peak height) of theloading door, to the floor of the firebox (i.e., below a permanentgrate) if the grate allows a 1-inch diameter piece of wood topass through the grate, or, if not, to the top of the grate. Fireboxheight is not necessarily uniform but mu
11、st account for varia-tions caused by internal baffles, air channels, or other perma-nent obstructions. A visible indicator or landmark within thefirebox that will provide a clear indication to the heater user ofthe maximum height that fuel should be loaded, and isspecifically referenced in the manuf
12、acturers written instruc-tions, may be used to determine firebox height for the purposesof calculating usable firebox volume.3.2.8 firebox length, nthe longest horizontal fire chamberdimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected tobe placed in accordance with the manufacturers writteninst
13、ructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.3.2.9 firebox width, nthe shortest horizontal fire chamberdimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected tobe placed in accordance with the manufacturers writteninstructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.3.2.10 kindling, nwood
14、pieces used to initiate combustionof the pre-burn fuel. Kindling may be ignited using crumplednewspaper.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition
15、 approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. DOI:10.1520/E2780-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
16、 website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.11 manufacturers written instructions, nspecific in-formation regarding the fueling and operation proceduresrecommended by the heater manufacturer and included withthe heat
17、er. These instructions must be consistent with informa-tion provided to the heater end-user in the owners manual orequivalent.3.2.12 owners manual, nwritten information provided tothe heater end-user regarding the installation and recom-mended fueling and operating procedures that will help theheate
18、r user to achieve the best heater performance. It is alsoreferred as the installation and operation guide or otherequivalent title.3.2.13 particulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test
19、 MethodE2515.3.2.14 pre-burn fuel, nwood pieces used to pre-heat thewood heater and establish a charcoal bed prior to the test run.3.2.15 secondary combustion air control, nan air controldevice that regulates air to the wood heater that is primarilyintended to provide the additional oxygen needed to
20、 promotesecondary combustion of the combustible materials releasedduring pyrolysis of the fuel load.3.2.16 test facility, nthe area in which the wood heater isinstalled, operated, and sampled for emissions.3.2.17 test fuel crib, nthe arrangement of the test fuelpieces and test fuel spacers.3.2.18 te
21、st fuel density, nthe dry basis density of the testfuel pieces that comprise the test fuel crib.3.2.19 test fuel loading density, nthe weight of the as-fired test fuel crib per unit volume of usable firebox.3.2.20 test fuel pieces, nthe individual fuel pieces (nomi-nal 2 3 4 and 4 3 4 dimensional lu
22、mber) that comprise the testfuel crib.3.2.21 test fuel spacers, nwood pieces used to space fuelpieces apart in the test fuel crib. Their function is to providereproducible fuel crib geometry and air spaces between fuelpieces.3.2.22 test run, nan individual emission test which en-compasses the time r
23、equired to consume the mass of the testfuel crib.3.2.23 test series, na group of test runs on the same woodheater.3.2.24 usable firebox volume, nthe volume of the fireboxdetermined using its height, length, and width as defined in thissection.3.2.25 wood heater, nan enclosed, wood burning appli-ance
24、 capable of and intended for space heating and/or domesticwater heating.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with TestMethod E2515. The wood heater under evaluation is fueledwith kindling, pre-burn fuel and a test fuel load. Each test runis a hot-to-hot cycle. Individ
25、ual test runs are conducted at burnrates ranging from low to maximum burn rates. The fuel loadconfiguration is determined based on the usable firebox volumeof the heater plus the firebox dimensions and geometry.Kindling and crumpled newspaper are used to ignite a pre-burnfuel load(s) that is burned
26、to heat the wood heater to normaloperating temperature and to establish a charcoal bed. The testfuel load is placed on the charcoal bed and given time to ignitebefore the air control(s) is (are) set to the test run condition.When the full weight of the test fuel load has been burned, thetest run is
27、terminated. Burn rate is determined based on theweight of the test fuel load divided by the length of test run andcorrected to a dry fuel basis. Particulate sampling begins beforethe test fuel load is added and stops when the test runterminates. The total particulate emissions are determined overthe
28、 test run length. The particulate emissions rate is thendetermined from the total particulate emissions divided by thelength of the test run and is reported in grams of particulate perhour. The particulate emission factor may also be determinedfrom the total particulate emissions divided by the dry
29、basisweight of the test fuel load and is reported in grams ofparticulate per dry kilogram of fuel. This test method may alsobe used in conjunction with CSA B415.1 for determining heatoutput and efficiency. If heat output is determined, particulateemissions per unit of heat delivered may also be calc
30、ulated andis reported in grams of particulate per megajoule.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for determining emission ratesand emission factors for wood heaters.5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emissionperformance during product development.5.1.2 The emission fa
31、ctor is useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining compliance with emis-sion performance limits.5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining impacts on air qualityfrom wood heaters.5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate p
32、er hour,grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams ofparticulate per megajoule of heat output.5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissionsfrom all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmosphericemission impacts: g/h or
33、 g/MJ.5.3 The fuel load specified in this test method is a lumbercrib of uniform dimensions, identical to that specified in EPAMethod 28. Cribs were specified in EPA Method 28 to providea reproducible and repeatable test method. In normal operationthe majority of fuel used by consumers is cordwood w
34、ithirregular shapes and dimensions. Very little data exists toindicate whether or not the fuel cribs specified in this standardyield results that are predictive of performance using cordwoodfuel. This standard, therefore, includes Annex A1 whichprovides a fueling procedure using cordwood. It is prov
35、ided sothat those interested in measuring emissions performance withcordwood will have a consistent method to follow. A compara-tive database using the two fueling procedures will providedata to determine whether test results using crib fuel correlateto test results using cordwood fuel.6. Safety6.1
36、DisclaimerThis test method may involve hazardousmaterials, operations, and equipment. This test method may notE2780 102address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and to determ
37、ine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing thistest method.7. Equipment and Supplies7.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrated electrical resistancemeter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1 %moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirementsspecified in 8.1.7.2 T
38、est Fuel ScaleA scale capable of weighing test fuelto within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb). Must meet the calibrationrequirements specified in 8.3.7.3 Platform ScaleA scale capable of weighing the testwood heater and attached chimney, including the weight of thetest fuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet
39、the calibrationrequirements specified in 8.2.7.4 Wood heater Flue Gas Temperature MeasurementDeviceA 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-isolatedjunction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gastemperature with an accuracy of 2.2C (4.0F) or 0.75 % of thereading, whichever is greater.
40、Must meet calibration require-ments specified in 8.4.7.5 Wood Heater Surface Temperature MeasuringDeviceA temperature sensor capable of measuring surfacetemperatures with an accuracy of 2.2C (4.0F) or 0.75 % ofthe reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibrationrequirements specified in 8.4.7.6
41、Catalytic Combustor Exit Temperature MeasuringDeviceA temperature sensor capable of measuring the tem-perature of the gases exiting the catalytic combustor in acatalyst equipped heater with an accuracy of 2.2C (4.0F) or0.75 % of the reading, whichever is greater. Must meetcalibration requirements sp
42、ecified in 8.4.7.7 Insulated Solid Pack ChimneyChimney used for in-stallation of wood heater in the test facility. Solid packinsulated chimneys shall have a minimum of 2.5 cm (1 in.)solid pack insulating material surrounding the entire flue andpossess a label demonstrating conformance to ANSI/UL-103
43、,Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Residential Type andBuilding Heating Appliance.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrate as in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions before each certification test.8.2 Platform ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five
44、 points spanning the operational range) of the platformscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the test wood heater in place byweighing at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F)
45、 thatcorresponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuelcharge weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of thecalibration weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1 % of theexpected test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recali-brate the scale before use with at least five calibrati
46、on weightsspanning the operational range of the scale.8.3 Test Fuel ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the test fuelscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certifi
47、cationtest, audit the scale with the wood heater in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb) or 1 % of
48、the expectedtest fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate thescale before use with at least five calibration weights spanningthe operational range of the scale.8.4 Temperature SensorsTemperature measuring equip-ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually there
49、after. Calibrations shall be in compliance withNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mono-graph 175, Standard Limits of Error.9. Procedure9.1 Pre-conditioning of the Wood HeaterThe wood heatermust be pre-conditioned before a test series begins.9.1.1 Set up the wood heater in accordance with instructionsprovided by the manufacturer. The total height of chimneywhen measured from the floor or top of the platform scale shallbe 4.6 6 0.3 m (15 6 1 ft).9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe cen
