1、Designation: E2886/E2886M 14Standard Test Method forEvaluating the Ability of Exterior Vents to Resist the Entryof Embers and Direct Flame Impingement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2886/E2886M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard prescribes two indi-vidual methods to e
3、valuate the ability of a gable end, crawlspace (foundation) and other vents that mount on a verticalwall or in the under-eave area to resist the entry through thevent opening of embers and flame. The ability of such vents tocompletely exclude entry of flames or embers is not evaluated.Roof ridge and
4、 off-ridge (field) vents are excluded from thisstandard. Acceptance criteria are not provided in this standard.NOTE 1Test Method E2912 records information relevant to evaluatecompletely excluding the entry of flames through the venting device.1.2 Ember entry and flame penetration are evaluated sepa-
5、rately using different test procedures. A commentary andsummary of the development of the ember test apparatus aregiven in Appendix X1.1.3 These laboratory tests are used to evaluate the responseof vents when subjected to ember and flame exposures undercontrolled conditions.1.4 UnitsThe values state
6、d in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-lents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of theother. Combining values from the two systems has the potentialto result in non-conforma
7、nce with the standard.1.5 Unless otherwise specified, the tolerance for dimensionsin figures and text in this document shall be 65%.1.6 This test method does not address interior fire spread.1.7 The standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products or assemblies to heat and
8、 flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessments ofthe materials, products or assemblies and other claddingmaterials under actual fire conditions.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
9、 if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and proper
10、ty shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatureof PlasticsE108 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof CoveringsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMateri
11、als and AssembliesE2707 Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration ofExterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impinge-ment ExposureE2912 Test Method for Fire Test of Non-Mechanical FireDampers Used in Vented Construction2.2 Other Documents:3SFM 12-7A-1, Exterior Wall Siding and Sheathing, Cal
12、ifor-nia Office of the State Fire Marshal, Sacramento, CASFM 12-7A-3, Under Eave, California Office of the StateFire Marshal, Sacramento, CA3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology E176, Test Method E108, andTest Method E2912.3.2 Definitions
13、of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ember, nsmall burning or glowing pieces of vegeta-tion or other cellulosic-based material.3.2.2 flaming combustion, nignition of combustible mate-rial that results in flaming combustion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
14、Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External FireExposures.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published June 2014. DOI: 10.1520/E2886_E2886M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
15、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from: http:/osfm.fire.ca.gov/codedevelopment/wildfireprotectionbuildingconstruction.phpCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
16、, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 smoldering combustion, nignition of combustiblematerial where a transition to flaming combustion does notoccur but a charred area indicating locations where emberslanded can be observed.3.2.4 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overthe surface of the ven
17、t for continuous periods of at least 4 s.3.2.5 unexposed side, nthe face of the vent not directlyexposed to the fire in the Flame Intrusion Test.3.2.6 vent, na device or assembly placed in an exterioropening of a building (located in an eave, gable, wall, orfoundation) that allows for aeration (free
18、 exchange of air).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method contains two procedures to assess theability of the vent to limit the entry of embers and flamepenetration.4.2 Ember Intrusion TestThis test method provides for adirect ember exposure to vents. The apparatus allows forembers to fall ver
19、tically and impinge on the vent mountedhorizontally on ledges within the test chamber. An inductionfan located at the bottom of the apparatus pulls the air streamthrough the vent, allowing any embers that pass through thevent to impinge on a combustible target material.4.2.1 Observations are made fo
20、r the occurrence of flamingcombustion of the combustible target material during the timethat embers are being generated and passing through the vent.4.2.2 This test method utilizes a vertical air flow apparatusfor the ember test.4.3 Flame Intrusion TestThis test method provides for theevaluation of
21、direct flame impingement on a vent mounted ina test assembly described in Test Method E2912.4.3.1 The flame source is directed into the test assembly anddirectly impinges the vent that is mounted in either a vertical orhorizontal position as described in Test Method E2912.4.3.2 This test method empl
22、oys a gas burner described inTest Method E2912 to produce flames that contact the vent.4.3.3 The fuel flow rate from the burner shall produce a heatrelease rate of 300 6 10 kW as described in Test MethodE2912.4.3.4 This test method includes an Integrity Test as de-scribed in Test Method E2912 to asc
23、ertain the presence ofsustained flaming. The Integrity Test includes the following:NOTE 2Integrity is defined in Test Method E2912.4.3.4.1 Visual observations are made for the presence andduration of any flame penetration through the vent.4.3.4.2 An Ignition Test Procedure as described in TestMethod
24、 E2912 is used to ascertain flaming combustion.4.3.5 This test method includes an optional Insulation Testas described in Test Method E2912. The optional InsulationTest includes surface thermocouples to measure the tempera-ture on the unexposed side of the vent.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test m
25、ethod evaluates the ability of exterior ventsthat mount vertically or horizontally to resist the entry ofembers and flame penetration through the vent.NOTE 3A comparison study between the vertical air flow apparatusand a horizontal air flow apparatus, developed at the National Institute ofStandards
26、and Technology (NIST), has been conducted.Asummary of theresults of that comparison study are presented in Section X1.3 of theAppendix.5.2 Flame Intrusion TestRefer to the Significant and UseSection in Test Method E2912 for information related to thedirect flame impingement on the vent.6. Apparatus6
27、.1 Apparatus for the Ember Intrusion Test:6.1.1 Diagrams of the ember intrusion apparatus are shownin Figs. 1-5. The apparatus consists of an ember generationchamber, a gas burner, a drive unit with controls, a flamechamber, a test cabinet and an exhaust fan.6.1.2 Ember Generation Chamber (Circular
28、Tumbler):6.1.2.1 The circular tumbler shall be fabricated from 13 mm0.5 in. by 1.5 mm 0.059 in. flattened expanded metalwrapped around four 6 mm 0.25 in. diameter bracing rodsthat are equally spaced around the perimeter and connected oneach end to 203 mm 8 in. diameter, 8 mm 0.3125 in. thicksteel en
29、d disc plates. The end disc plates shall be 457 mm 18in. apart, forming a cylinder that is 203 mm 8 in. in diameterand 457 mm 18 in. in length.6.1.2.2 The circular tumbler shall have a hinged door alsomade of the 13 mm 0.5 in. by 1.5 mm 0.059 in. flattenedexpanded steel, approximately 140 mm by 89 m
30、m 5.5 in. by3.5 in. arched to match the curve of the tumbler and located inthe center of the tumbler between one end plate and the other.The orientation of the access door shall be such that the 89 mm3.5 in. dimension is measured along the circumference of thecylinder. The hinges of the access door
31、shall be located alongthe 140 mm 5.5 in. dimension of the door.6.1.2.3 A25.4 mm (+0 mm / 0.1 mm) 1 in. (+0 in./ 0.004in.) diameter cold rolled steel bar shall be connected to thecenter of each of the 203 mm 8 in. round plates of thetumbler. These bars shall act as an axle. Each bar shall be 76mm 3 i
32、n. in length and shall be welded on one end to theoutside centers of each plate. The centerline of the bars shallmatch the centerline of the tumbler. Both bars shall passthrough their respective 25.4 mm (+0.1 mm / 0 mm) 1 in.(+0.004 in. / 0 in.) (inside diameter) bearing pillow blockwhich shall be m
33、ounted to the frame with two 6 mm, 10threads per cm M61 by 32 mm length 0.25 in. 20 by 1.25in. machine bolts each. The bearings shall be located 13 mm0.5 in. from the 203 mm 8 in. round end plates. A 20-toothISO 08B roller chain sprocket with 25.4 mm +0.1 mm / 0mm inside bore diameter 20-tooth by AN
34、SI #40 roller chainsprocket with 1-in. inside diameter shall be affixed on the axleshaft on the side of the drive assembly.6.1.2.4 While in operation, the tumbler shall be shieldedwith a hinged hood. The hood shall be a two piece clam shellstyle that overlaps at the top by 25 mm 1 in. The hood shall
35、be formed using 0.8 mm 0.031 in. sheet metal with 19 mm0.75 in. wide flat bar reinforcing at the perimeter. The flat barstock shall be attached to the sheet metal hood with pop rivets.When closed the hood shall be arched to have a diameter of254 mm 10 in. Each of the two pieces that make up the hood
36、shall be 495 mm 19.5 in. wide.E2886/E2886M 1426.1.3 The drive unit shall consist of a motor, gear box, chainand sprockets and controls.6.1.3.1 The motor shall be a14 HP National ElectricalManufacturers Association (NEMA) 56C C-face mount singlephase AC motor, 1725 rpm, and shall be mounted to a meta
37、lcantilevered shelf. The metal shelf shall be made froma5mm0.1875 in. plate, 305 mm 12 in. wide and 184 mm 7.25 in.deep with metal knee braces tack welded to the left side of theflame chamber.6.1.3.2 The gear box shall be a 0.35 HP maximum, NEMA56C C-face input, left hand output by 22.2 mm 0.875 in.
38、round shaft, 60:1 ratio and shall be mounted to the same shelfas the motor.6.1.3.3 The drive chain and sprockets shall be InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) 08B (#40) roller chain,ISO 08B (4020) BS 22.2 mm 0.875 in. gear box sprocket andISO 08B (4020 BS 25 mm 1 in.) sprocket. The dr
39、ive chainshall be guarded with sheet metal or expanded steel foroperational safety.6.1.3.4 When activated, the circular tumbler shall rotate at30 rev/min.6.1.4 The controls shall have three switches: one for the fan,one for the drive motor, and one for the fan and drive motortogether.6.1.5 The flame
40、 chamber shall be centered directly belowthe tumbler. The flame chamber shall be constructed with aframework of 19 by 19 mm 0.75 by 0.75 in. steel angle andskinned with 2 mm 0.078 in. sheet metal panels on four sides.The top and bottom of the box shall be open to allow theembers to flow through. The
41、 chamber shall be 228 mm 9 in.deep, 508 mm 20 in. wide and 254 mm 10 in. tall.6.1.5.1 The burner shall consist of a 13 mm 0.5 in. roundblack iron gas pipe with fifteen 2.4 mm 0.09375 in. roundholes equally spaced at 19 mm 0.75 in. in a straight pipe. Thepipe shall run horizontally, parallel with the
42、 tumbler. Thedistance between the bottom of the tumbler and the center ofthe gas pipe shall be 57 mm 2.25 in. The first hole in the pipeshall be located 95 mm 3.75 in. from the left wall of the flameFIG. 1 Ember Apparatus, Front ViewE2886/E2886M 143chamber. The last hole shall be located 362 mm 14.2
43、5 in.from the left wall of the flame chamber.6.1.5.2 The burner pipe shall be connected to the left andright side of the flame chamber, exiting on the left where itshall be attached to a gas supply line with ball valve.6.1.6 Test Cabinet:6.1.6.1 The test cabinet shall be a rectangular steel box, 381
44、mm 15 in. deep, 610 mm 24 in. wide and 711 mm 28 in.tall. It shall be centered below the flame chamber and shall reston four casters or legs that are 95 mm 3.75 in. tall. The testcabinet shall have an opening in the top, through to the flamechamber, which is 190 mm 7.5 in. deep and 457 mm 18 in.wide
45、 positioned so that it is centered from left-to-right andfrom front-to-back in the top of the test cabinet. The testcabinet shall have an interior framework of welded 32 by 32mm 1.25 by 1.25 in. angle iron and skinned with 2 mm 0.078in. sheet metal panels.6.1.6.2 The front side of the test cabinet s
46、hall consist of aleft-hinged 2 mm 0.078 in. door with a glazed tempered-glassview window, and two latches on the right side to hold the doorsecurely closed during testing. The door shall be framed outwith 32 by 32 mm 1.25 by 1.25 in. by 3 mm 0.125 in. thickangle iron or equivalent material.6.1.6.3 T
47、he view window shall be 229 mm 9 in. wide and254 mm 10 in. high. The window shall be centered left-to-right and the top of the window shall be 25 mm 1 in. from thetop of the door it is mounted in.6.1.7 Two shelves shall be mounted inside the test chamber.6.1.7.1 Upper Shelf:(1) The upper shelf shall
48、 serve as a platform for the ventand shall be located 203 mm 8 in. from the top of thechamber.6.1.7.2 The upper shelf shall have a ledge on four sidesmade of 25 mm by 25 mm 1 in. by 1 in. by 3 mm 0.125 in.steel angle welded to the interior cabinet walls. A piece ofgypsum board, nominal 13 mm 0.5 in.
49、 thick, shall be cut tosize to fit on top of the angle iron frame. The gypsum boardFIG. 2 Ember Apparatus, Rear ViewE2886/E2886M 144shall be cut appropriately to center the vent under the tumbler.The edges between the vent and gypsum board shall be sealed.6.1.7.3 The gypsum board section shall be scored in the 305mm 12 in. depth direction, approximately 13 mm 0.5 in.from the edge, to allow for folding of the section, and facil
