1、Designation: E2995 15aStandard Specification forASTM Thermohydrometers with Integral Low-HazardThermometers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers glass thermohydrometers ofvarious scale graduation systems, intended for use in a varietyof ASTM
3、 Test Methods.1.2 The thermohydrometers presented in this standard arenot exact replacements for the thermohydrometers in Specifi-cation E100; the thermometers have larger maximum permis-sible scale errors than do their Hg-filled counterparts. The usershould decide if these thermohydrometers are app
4、ropriate foruse in his or her application.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulator
5、y limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD3290 Specification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Perma-nent Records (Withdrawn 2
6、010)3E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE100 Specification for ASTM HydrometersE126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verifica-tion of ASTM HydrometersE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etry2.2 ISO StandardsISO 1768:1975 Glass HydrometersConve
7、ntional Valuefor the Thermal Cubic Expansion Coefficient (for Use inthe Preparation of Measurement Tables for Liquids)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions given in Terminology E344apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ledger paper, na paper characterized by strength,
8、high tearing resistance, eraseability, water resistance, inkreceptivity, uniformity of surface, and smoothness.3.2.1.1 DiscussionOriginally, ledger paper was used espe-cially for pen and ink records. Most ledger papers are surfacesized, frequently subjected to appreciable wear, and must havea high d
9、egree of permanence and durability.3.2.2 length of the scale, nlength of the nominal range inthe stem, not including graduations extending above and belowthe nominal limits.3.2.3 thermohydrometer, nglass hydrometer having anintegral thermometer.3.2.4 top of the thermohydrometer, ntop of the finished
10、instrument.3.2.5 total length, noverall length of the finished instru-ment.4. Specifications4.1 Thermohydrometers shall conform to the detailed speci-fications in Table 1 and to the general requirements specified inSections 515.4.2 Thermohydrometers shall conform to the inspectioncriteria found in S
11、ection 16 and the calibration and verificationcriteria found in Section 14.4.3 Thermohydrometers manufactured to previous revisionsof this specification shall retain the sameASTM status as thosemeeting current specifications.4.4 At time of purchase, scale errors shall not exceed themaximum permissib
12、le scale error found in Table 1.NOTE 1CautionUsers should be aware that both temperature anddensity indications of thermohydrometers may change with rough1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 onTemperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20
13、.05on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originallyapproved in 1910. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2995 15. DOI:10.1520/E2995-15A2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
14、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
15、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 Specifications for ASTM ThermohydrometersAPI Gravity Thermohydrometersfor Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)Thermometer Scale in BodyASTM Thermohydrometer No. Nominal API Gravity Range, d
16、egS550HL-14 -6 to +6S551HL-14 -1 to 11S552HL-14 9to21S553HL-14 19 to 31S554HL-14 29 to 41S555HL-14 39 to 51S556HL-14 49 to 61S557HL-14 59 to 71S558HL-14 69 to 81S559HL-14 79 to 91S560HL-14 89 to 101S561HL-14 37 to 49S562HL-14 64 to 76Thermohydrometer DimensionsTotal length, mm 374 to 387Body diamete
17、r, mm 18 to 25Stem diameter, min, mm 4.0Hydrometer ScaleStandard temperature, F 60Subdivisions, API 0.1Intermediate lines at, API 0.5Main (numbered) lines at, API 1.0Scale error at any point not to exceed, API 0.1Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145Thermometer ScaleRange, F 0to150Immersion totalSu
18、bdivisions, F 2Intermediate lines at, F 10Main (numbered) lines at, F 20Scale error at any point not to exceed, F 2Scale length, mm 80 to 110Density Thermohydrometersfor Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)Thermometer Scale in BodyASTM Thermohydromet
19、er No. Nominal Range, kg/m3at 15CS500HL-14 600 to 650S501HL-14 650 to 700S502HL-14 700 to 750S503HL-14 750 to 800S504HL-14 800 to 850S505HL-14 850 to 900S506HL-14 900 to 950S507HL-14 950 to 1000S508HL-14 1000 to 1050S509HL-14 1050 to 1100S510HL-14 775 to 825Thermohydrometer DimensionsTotal length, m
20、m 374 to 387Body diameter, mm 18 to 25Stem diameter, min, mm 4.0Hydrometer ScaleStandardization temperature, C 15Subdivisions, kg/m3at 15C 0.5Intermediate lines, kg/m3at 15C 1.0Number lines, kg/m3at 15C 5Main (numbered) lines, kg/m3at 15C 10Scale error at any point not to exceed, kg/m3at 15C 0.5Leng
21、th of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145Thermometer ScaleRange, C -20to65Immersion totalSubdivisions, C 1Intermediate lines at, C 5Main (numbered) lines at, C 10Scale error at any point not to exceed, C 1Scale length, mm 80 to 110E2995 15a2handling, shock, exposure to aggressive liquids, and thermal cycli
22、ng,among other factors. Consequently, test results and performance obtainedat the time of manufacture may not necessarily apply throughout anextended period of use. Periodic calibration or verification of theseinstruments, in accordance with procedures set forth in Standard TestMethod E126 (for the
23、hydrometer), or Standard Test Method E77 (for theintegral thermometer), is recommended.5. Type5.1 Thermohydrometers shall be of the constant mass,variable displacement type. Thermohydrometers shall be madeof glass, except for the scale, ballast, cement, and the thermo-metric liquid of the thermomete
24、r.5.2 The outer surface of the stem and body shall besymmetrical about the vertical axis. There shall be no unevenor unnecessary thickening of the walls, and no abrupt changesor constrictions that would hinder thorough cleaning or tend totrap air bubbles when the instrument is immersed.5.3 The therm
25、ohydrometer shall float with its axis verticalin the liquids for which it is intended.5.4 The thermohydrometer shall be thoroughly dry on theinside when sealed. The top of the stem shall be neatly roundedwithout unnecessary thickening.5.5 The glass shall be smooth, transparent, and free ofbubbles, s
26、train patterns, cracks, or other imperfections thatmight interfere with the use of the thermohydrometer. Theglass shall adequately resist the reaction of chemical agents towhich thermohydrometers may be exposed, and also shall havesuitable thermal properties to permit its use over the range oftemper
27、atures to which it may be subjected. In general, glassessuitable for constructing the bulbs of thermometers are satis-factory for thermohydrometers.5.6 These thermohydrometers shall be fabricated from soda-lime glass tubing having a thermal cubical expansion coeffi-cient of (25 +/- 2) 10-6per C.NOTE
28、 2The value of the thermal cubical expansion coefficient givenabove is consistent with the conventional value given in ISO 1768.6. Body6.1 The preferred shapes for thermohydrometers in thisspecification is shown in Fig. 1.7. Ballast7.1 Material used for ballast shall be secured to the lowerpart of t
29、he body, with no loose material of any sort inside thethermohydrometer. When cement is used to hold the ballastsecurely in place, this cement shall not soften below 105C(221F).7.2 If shot is used and sealed with wax, the wax shall notsoften below 105C (221F)8. Stem8.1 The stem shall be uniform in cr
30、oss section, with noperceptible irregularities. It shall extend at least 15 mm aboveThermohydrometer with Thermometer in BodyFIG. 1 Typical Thermohydrometer DesignE2995 15a3the top graduation, and remain cylindrical for at least 3 mmbelow the lowest graduation.9. Scale9.1 The material for the scale
31、is not specified. However, ifpaper is used, ledger paper, meeting the specifications inSpecification D3290, shall be used. The scale may be anchoredby a design which prevents it from moving; otherwise it shallbe fixed in place with a cement that will not soften below105C (221F) and will not deterior
32、ate with time. The papershall show no evidence of scorching or charring whenreceived, or after use at 105C (221F). The scale shall bestraight and without twist.10. Markings10.1 Graduation lines and inscriptions shall be in a perma-nent black marking material, such as India ink.10.2 All graduation li
33、nes shall be straight, fine lines notexceeding one fifth of the graduation interval in thickness, andin no case more than 0.2 mm. The lines shall be perpendicularto the vertical axis of the thermohydrometer. The lengths ofmain division lines, subdivision lines, and intermediate lines, ifused, shall
34、be chosen so as to facilitate readings. The shortestlines shall be at least 2 mm long.10.3 Identification of scale increments.10.3.1 Scale graduations shall be numbered at ten scaledivision increments.10.3.2 The numeric values displayed on the numbered scalegraduations of API thermohydrometers shall
35、 be completevalues corresponding to the indicated API value.10.3.3 The numeric values displayed on the numbered scalegraduations of density thermohydrometers shall be completevalues at 50 kgm3intervals. Numeric values appearing onintermediate numbered scale divisions may be abbreviated.10.3.4 The nu
36、meric values displayed on the numbered scaleof the thermometer shall be complete values.10.3.5 Scale Slippage IndicatorThere shall be a perma-nent reference mark on the stem of the thermohydrometercorresponding to the first numbered scale graduation. Anetched mark on the stem corresponding to the fi
37、rst numberedgraduation on the scale, an ink line on the inside of the stemcorresponding to the first numbered graduation on the scale, ora length of red glass fused to the inside top of the stem andextending to the uppermost numbered graduation on the scaleare examples of acceptable means for provid
38、ing a scaleslippage indicator.11. Hydrometer Scale Units11.1 All thermohydrometers shall be graduated to readcorrectly where the plane of the level liquid surface intersectsthe stem.11.2 Thermohydrometers indicating density shall be gradu-ated to indicate the density of liquids in kg/m3at 15C.11.3 A
39、PI thermohydrometers shall be graduated to indicatedegrees of API gravity.12. Thermometer12.1 The thermometer shall be of the liquid-in-glass type.12.2 The thermometer fluid shall have the following char-acteristics:12.2.1 Biodegradable,12.2.2 Not appear on any suspected carcinogen list,12.2.3 Shall
40、 equilibrate to the temperature of its environ-ment (in a stirred liquid bath) and indicate temperature plus orminus its maximum permitted scale error within five minutes atequilibrium,12.2.4 Shall permit repetition of temperature indicationwithin210 of one scale division,12.2.5 Shall be dyed to pro
41、vide good visual contrast againstthe thermometer capillary and the paper scale, and12.2.6 The dye used shall be permanent and resistant tofading from sunlight.12.3 The capillary stem shall be essentially parallel to thethermohydrometer axis.12.4 The thermometer scale material shall comply with there
42、quirements of Section 9.12.5 The thermometer scale markings shall conform to therequirements of Section 10.13. Special Inscription13.1 There shall appear on the scale or an extension thereof,or on a suitable label cemented permanently to the inside of theinstrument, an inscription that indicates the
43、 units of measure ofthe hydrometer. The thermometer shall also comply with thisrequirement.13.2 The inscription shall also indicate the ASTM thermo-hydrometer number, which shall include the (two-digit) year ofits designation or most recent revision, for example: ASTMS554HL-14.13.3 The inscription s
44、hall also include a unique serialnumber and the name or trademark of the manufacturer orvendor.14. Calibration and Verification14.1 Calibration or verification, when required, shall beperformed at three test points (approximately low, medium andhigh) on the hydrometer scale. For example, a thermohyd
45、rom-eter with a range of 9 to 21 API shall be calibrated or verifiedat approximately 10, 15 and 20 degrees API; a thermohydrom-eter with a density range of 700 to 750 kg/m3shall becalibrated or verified at approximately 700, 725, and 750, andso forth. Calibration or verification shall be performed i
46、naccordance with Test Method E126.14.2 Calibration or verification of the thermometer scale,when required, shall be performed at two or more test points onthe thermometer scale. Test points shall be chosen to bracketthe range of use. Calibration or verification shall be performedin accordance with T
47、est Method E77.15. Packaging15.1 The thermohydrometer shall be supplied in suitablepackaging that will permit the viewer to visually determine theE2995 15a4package contents, identified by ASTM number, range, andadditional description as appropriate.16. Procedure for Inspections16.1 Manufacturers sha
48、ll perform the following inspectionsbefore releasing finished instruments. For quality assurancepurposes a statistically robust percentage of each lot ofinstruments shall be inspected. If a Certificate of Conformance,however named, is issued for each instrument, the certificateshall state the qualit
49、y assurance procedure the manufactureruses to issue the certificate.16.2 Visual Inspection:16.2.1 Inspect the hydrometer carefully to be certain thereare no cracks, fissures, deep scratches, rough areas, or otherobvious damage to the glass. Reject the hydrometer if any ofthese defects are present.16.2.2 Inspect the hydrometer carefully for loose pieces ofballast or other foreign material within the instrument. Ifpresent, reject the instrument.16.2.3 Inspect the paper scale within the hydrometer stem.The paper scale shall be straig
