1、Designation: D7544 10Standard Specification forPyrolysis Liquid Biofuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i
2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a pyrolysis liquid biofuelproduced from biomass intended for use in industrial burnersequipped to handle these types of fuels. This
3、 type of biofuel isnot intended for use in residential heaters, small commercialboilers, engines, or marine applications.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the physical, chemical,and performance properties identified in this specification, see AppendixX1.1.2 This specification is for use i
4、n contracts for the purchaseof pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers ofthis type of fuel.1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observanceof national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.NOTE 2The generation and dissipation of static electricity may createp
5、roblems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more informationon the subject, see Guide D4865.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4.1 ExceptionBTU units are included for informationonly in 3.5.1.1.5
6、This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docum
7、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD396 Specification for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosit
8、y of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispe
9、rsive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD7579 Test Method
10、for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyroly-sis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in MethanolE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass ElectrodeE203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitration3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2 bulk fuel, nf
11、uel in the storage facility in quantitiesover 190 L.3.3 char, nfine carbonaceous powder that is separatedfrom the vapors of biomass during pyrolysis.3.3.1 DiscussionPyrolysis liquid biofuel contains uni-formly suspended char.3.4 fuel degradation products, nthose materials that areformed in fuel duri
12、ng extended storage or exposure to hightemperatures.3.4.1 DiscussionDuring storage, reactive organic com-pounds in pyrolysis liquid can act together to form largermolecules (fuel degradation products), which can becomeinsoluble or increase the fuel viscosity, or both.3.5 industrial burner, ndevice w
13、hich produces heat forindustrial use through the combustion of liquid fuels.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Cur
14、rent edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D754409.DOI:10.1520/D7544-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
15、 ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.5.1 DiscussionIndu
16、strial burners are typically designedfor one of two applications: (1) industrial furnacesintegralcomponents of manufacturing processes that provide directheating; for example, in aggregate, cement, lime, or phosphatekilns; coke ovens; or blast, smelting, melting, refining, ordrying ovens and (2) ind
17、ustrial boilerslarge indirect heatingunits which transfer thermal energy to water or other fluids orgases for use in heating in industrial settings, power generationand in manufacturing processes. These boilers can be classifiedas utility/large industrial boilers with a heat input greater than105 GJ
18、/h (100 3 106 BTU/h) or small industrial boilers witha heat input of between 10.5 to 105 GJ/h (10 to 100 3106 BTU/h).3.6 long-term storagestorage of fuel for longer than 3months after it is received by the user.3.7 medium-term storagestorage of fuel for up to 3months after it is received by the user
19、.3.7.1 DiscussionIt is recommended that fuel be consumedwithin 6 months of receipt.3.8 pyrolysis, nchemical decomposition of organic mate-rials by heating in the absence of oxygen.3.9 pyrolysis liquid biofuel, nliquid product from thepyrolysis of biomass.3.9.1 DiscussionPyrolysis liquid biofuel is c
20、omprised of acomplex mixture of the decomposition products of ligno-cellulosic biomass including highly oxygenated organic com-pounds. It is produced from the pyrolysis of biomass, followedby the rapid condensation of its vapors.3.10 pyrolysis solids, nsolid particles contained within thepyrolysis l
21、iquid biofuel.3.10.1 DiscussionPyrolysis solids is comprised of ash andchar.4. General Requirements4.1 The pyrolysis liquid biofuel specified in this specifica-tion shall remain uniform in medium-term storage and notseparate by gravity into layers.NOTE 3Long-term storage or equipment down time can n
22、ecessitatecirculation of pyrolysis liquid biofuel in-tank to prevent such separation.The buyer and seller should agree on any requirements for long-termstorage. If minor separation occurs during medium-term storage, mildagitation or product circulation should reverse such separation.5. Detailed Requ
23、irements5.1 The pyrolysis liquid biofuel specified shall conform tothe detailed requirements shown in Table 1.5.2 The properties selected for limitation are those that arebelieved to be of the greatest significance in obtaining accept-able performance of the burner.6. Sampling6.1 Review all intended
24、 test methods prior to sampling tounderstand the importance and effects of sampling technique,proper containers, and special handling required for each testmethod. See Table 2.6.2 As indicated in 4.1, during medium-term storage, py-rolysis liquid biofuel shall remain uniform and not separateinto lay
25、ers. Note, however, that separation may occur duringlong-term storage. Therefore, samples should be well mixedwhen transferring from the primary sampling process orcontainer, or both, to another container or analytical apparatus,or both. Sampling from an active circulation loop or a wellmixed or agi
26、tated tank is preferred. Refer to Practice D5854 formore guidance on mixing and handling samples.6.3 Sample SizeA minimum of 1 L is recommended.7. Test Methods7.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following test methods:7.1.1 Gross Heat of Co
27、mbustionTest Method D240.7.1.2 Water ContentTest Method E203.7.1.3 Pyrolysis Solids ContentSee Test Method D7579.7.1.4 Kinematic ViscosityTest Method D445.7.1.5 DensityTest Method D4052.7.1.6 SulfurTest Method D4294.7.1.7 Ash ContentTest Method D482.7.1.8 pHTest Method E70.7.1.9 Flash PointTest Meth
28、od D93.7.1.10 Pour PointTest Method D97.8. Keywords8.1 pyrolysis liquid biofuel; bio-oil; pyrolysis oil; pyoil;py-oil; bio-crude-oil; bio-fuel-oil; wood liquids; burner fuel;renewable energy; alternative energy; fuel oils; furnace oilsTABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Pyrolysis Liquid BiofuelsProper
29、ty Test Method Specification UnitsGross Heat of Combustion D240 15 min MJ/kgWater Content E203 30 max mass %Pyrolysis Solids Content D7579 2.5 max mass %Kinematic Viscosity at 40C D445A125 max mm2/sDensity at 20C D4052 1.11.3 kg/dm3Sulfur Content D4294 0.05 max mass %Ash Content D482 0.25 max mass %
30、pH E70 Report .Flash Point D93, Procedure B 45 min CPour Point D97 9 max CAWithout filtering.D7544 102APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFIED PROPERTIES FOR PYROLYSIS LIQUID BIOFUELX1.1 Heat of CombustionX1.1.1 Heat of combustion is a measure of the energycontent of py
31、rolysis liquid. As a reference, pyrolysis liquid hasapproximately half the heat of combustion on a volumetricbasis compared to #2, D396 fuel oil. The heat of combustion isan important basis for quantifying its monetary value and forequipment selection or design, or both.X1.2 Water ContentX1.2.1 High
32、er water content leads to lower overall viscosityand heat of combustion of pyrolysis liquid.X1.2.2 Water content reduces the flame temperature ofpyrolysis liquid, which contributes to lower nitrogen dioxideemissions during combustion.X1.2.3 Water content higher than the limit, can cause phaseseparat
33、ion, leading to a non-homogenous mixture.X1.3 Char ContentX1.3.1 Pyrolysis liquid biofuel contains uniformly sus-pended char. Pyrolysis liquid can be produced to various charconcentrations. Increasing char content may also increase theash content, viscosity and pour point of pyrolysis liquid biofuel
34、and affect the pyrolysis liquid biofuel handling, atomizationand storage stability in a negative manner.X1.4 ViscosityX1.4.1 The viscosity of a pyrolysis liquid is a measure of itsresistance to flow. It is of major importance so that adequatepreheating facilities can be provided to permit the pyroly
35、sisliquid to be pumped to the burner and to provide goodatomization. However, it is equally important that the maxi-mum viscosity under the existing conditions be such that thepyrolysis liquid can be pumped satisfactorily from the storagetank to the preheater.X1.5 DensityX1.5.1 Density alone is of l
36、ittle significance as an indicationof the burning characteristics of pyrolysis liquid. However,when used in conjunction with other properties, it is of value inmass-volume relationships.X1.6 Sulfur ContentX1.6.1 Knowledge of the sulfur content is important forevaluating the Sulfur Oxides emissions f
37、rom combustingpyrolysis liquid.X1.7 Ash ContentX1.7.1 Ash is the amount of noncombustible material inpyrolysis liquid biofuel. Ash-forming materials may be presentin pyrolysis liquid biofuel in two forms, solid particles or watersoluble metallic compounds, or both. Depending on the sizeand type (san
38、d, char, etc.) of the solid ash particles, theseparticles can contribute to wear of burner pumps and valves,and decrease fuel efficiency by fouling heat exchange surfaces.The soluble metallic compounds have little or no effect on wearor plugging, but they can contain elements that producecorrosion a
39、nd deposits on boiler heating surfaces. Excessiveamounts of ash also may necessitate particulate collectionequipment for compliance with national or local air emissionregulations.X1.8 pHX1.8.1 Due to its low pH, materials which are in contactwith pyrolysis liquid shall be selected for suitability an
40、dcorrosion resistance.X1.9 Flash PointX1.9.1 The flash point of a fuel is an indication of themaximum temperature at which it can be stored and handledwithout serious fire hazard.X1.10 Pour PointX1.10.1 The pour point of pyrolysis liquid is an indicationof the lowest temperature at which the pyrolys
41、is liquid iscapable of flowing under very low forces. The pour point isprescribed in accordance with the conditions of storage anduse. Higher pour point fuels are permissible where heatedstorage and adequate piping facilities are provided.TABLE 2 Typical Sampling Procedures for ContainersType of Con
42、tainer ProcedureStorage tanks that are well-mixed by circulation or agitation Automatic or Manual Pipeline SamplingTank cars, tank trucks, or ship tanks Dipper Sampling or All-Level SamplingD7544 103X2. LONG-TERM STORAGE OF PYROLYSIS LIQUIDX2.1 ScopeX2.1.1 This appendix provides guidance for consume
43、rs ofpyrolysis liquid who may wish to store quantities of the fuel forextended periods.X2.1.2 Pyrolysis liquid has adequate stability properties towithstand normal storage and use without formation of trouble-some amounts of insoluble degradation products.X2.1.3 The following suggested practices are
44、 general innature and should not be considered substitutes for anyrequirements imposed by the warranty of the fuel equipmentmanufacturer or by federal, state or local government regula-tions. Further guidance in developing a fuel managementsystem could be provided by fuel suppliers.X2.2 Terminology
45、(See Section 3)X2.3 Fuel SelectionX2.3.1 The stability properties of pyrolysis liquid are notfully understood and appear to depend on the biomass feed-stock sources, the pyrolysis reaction conditions, the pyrolysissolids content of the pyrolysis liquid, whether additives arepresent and storage condi
46、tions.X2.3.2 The composition and stability properties of pyrolysisliquid produced at specific production plants can be different.Aspecial requirement of the user, such as long-term storage,should be discussed with the supplier.X2.4 Fuel Storage ConditionsX2.4.1 Store at a minimum temperature of 10C
47、to maintainadequate fluidity, but not higher than 30C for long-termstorage. High storage temperatures accelerate fuel degradation.Recommended storage temperature is 15 to 20C.X2.4.2 Store in containers built of corrosion resistant steeland materials such asAISI 304,AISI 316, PTFE (polytetrafluo-roet
48、hylene), PP (polypropylene), HDPE (high density polyeth-ylene) and PVC (polyvinylchloride).X2.4.3 Long-term storage in an agitated or circulated con-tainer is recommended to maintain homogeneity.X2.4.4 Limit exposure to air to prevent oxidation.X2.5 Fuel AdditivesX2.5.1 Fuel additives are not requir
49、ed in pyrolysis liquidbiofuel.X2.5.2 Polar solvent additives, in particular methanol andethanol, can be used to improve the long-term storage ofpyrolysis liquid. For maximum benefits, additives should beadded directly following production. The addition of a polarsolvent to the pyrolysis liquid can significantly lower the flashpoint and appropriate precautions shall be taken.X2.5.3 Hydrocarbon fuel is not miscible in pyrolysis liquidbiofuel.X2.6 Tests for Fuel QualityX2.6.1 Work has started on a stability index that correlatesthe long-term st
