1、Designation: E456 13a1An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTENew terms were added and other terms were corr
3、ected editorially in May 2014.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard forterms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to anE11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normativefor that
4、term. Any changes in the term definition in thenormative standard will be editorially changed in this standard.Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially addedto this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will benoted in this stan
5、dard, but ISO 3534 will not be considerednormative for any E11 terms.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE141 Pr
6、actice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on theResults of Probability SamplingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1
7、169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness TestsE1325 Terminology Relating to Design of ExperimentsE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developingand Applying Test MethodsE1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL andLTPD Sampling PlansE2234 Practice for S
8、ampling a Stream of Product by Attri-butes Indexed by AQLE2281 Practice for Process and Measurement CapabilityIndicesE2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test MethodE2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound Fora Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rateof Occurrence f
9、or Non-conformities, Using AttributeData, When There is a Zero Response in the SampleE2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample andTwo-Sample Interlaboratory ProficiencyTesting ProgramsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using Con
10、trolChart TechniquesE2555 Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying theMIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability InspectionE2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in StatisticalProcess ControlE2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Te
11、st Results andUse of the Term Measurement Uncertainty in ASTM TestMethodsE2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on theExponential DistributionE2709 Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Complywith an Acceptance ProcedureE2782 Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)E2819 Practi
12、ce for Single- and Multi-Level ContinuousSampling of a Stream of Product byAttributes Indexed byAQLE2935 Practice for Conducting Equivalence Testing inLaboratory Applications2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary and SymbolsPart 2 Applied Statistics1This terminology is under the jurisdict
13、ion ofASTM Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on Editorial/Terminology.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E456 13. DOI:10.1520/E0456-13AE01.
14、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization
15、 (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminologyacceptance quality limit (AQL), nquality limit that is theworst tolerable process
16、average when a continuing series oflots is submitted for acceptance sampling. E2234accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified val
17、ue, based onexperimental work of some national or internationalorganization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference
18、 value. E177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effectswhich are estimated by the same contrast and which,therefore, cannot be estimated separately. E1325area sampling, nprobability sampling in which a map, ratherthan a tabulation of sampling units, serves as the samplingframe. E
19、1402assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in aprocess or product output that is feasible to detect andidentify (see special cause). E2587attributes data, nobserved values or test results that indicatethe presence or absence of specific characteristics or countsof occurrences of eve
20、nts in time or space. E2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of quality by themethod of attributes consists of noting the presence (orabsence) of some characteristic or attribute in each of theunits in the group under consideration, and counting howmany units do (or do not) possess the quality att
21、ribute, orhow many such events occur in the unit, group, or area.E2334audit subsample, na small subsample of a sample selectedfor review of all sample selection and data collectionprocedures. E141average outgoing quality (AOQ), nthe average percentdefective of outgoing product including all accepted
22、 lots orbatches, after any defective units found in them are replacedby acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are notaccepted after such lots or batches have been effectively100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by accept-able units. E1994average outgoing quality limit (AOQL),
23、nthe maximum oftheAOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective forthe process, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E1994average quality protection, na type of protection in whichthere is prescribed some chosen value of average percentdefective in the product after inspection (average outgo
24、ingquality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the longrun no matter what may be the level of percent defective inthe product submitted to the inspector. E1994average run length (ARL), nthe average number of timesthat a process will have been sampled and evaluated beforea shift in process le
25、vel is signaled. E2587average standard deviation, s, narithmetic average ofsample standard deviations. E2281balanced incomplete block design (BIB), nan incompleteblock design in which each block contains the same numberk of different versions from the t versions of a singleprincipal factor arranged
26、so that every pair of versionsoccurs together in the same number, , of blocks from the bblocks. E1325bias, nthe difference between the expectation of the testresults and an accepted reference value. E177bulk sampling, nsampling to prepare a portion of a mass ofmaterial that is representative of the
27、whole. E1402c chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the count of occur-rences of an event in a defined increment of time or space.E2587calibration, nprocess of establishing a relationship betweena measurement device and a known standard value(s).E2782center line, nline on a control chart depicting the
28、 averagelevel of the statistic being monitored. E2587chance cause, nsource of inherent random variation in aprocess which is predictable within statistical limits (seecommon cause). E2587characteristic, na property of items in a sample or popula-tion which, when measured, counted or otherwise observ
29、ed,helps to distinguish among the items. E2282check sample, nsee control sample. E2554classification of defects, nthe enumeration of possible de-fects of the unit of product arranged according to theirseriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234cluster sampling, nsampling in which t
30、he sampling unitconsists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured forsampled clusters. E1402coefficient of determination, nsquare of the correlationcoefficient, r. E2586coefficient or variation (CV), nfor a nonnegativecharacteristic, the ratio of the standard deviation to the meanfor a popu
31、lation or sample. E2586collaborative study, ninterlaboratory study in which eachlaboratory uses the defined method of analysis to analyzeidentical portions of homogeneous materials to assess theperformance characteristics obtained for that method ofanalysis. E2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborat
32、ive study. E2489common cause, nsee chance cause. E2587E456 13a12component of variance, na part of a total variance identifiedwith a specified source of variability. E1488completely randomized design, na design in which thetreatments are assigned at random to the full set of experi-mental units. E132
33、5completely randomized factorial design, na factorial ex-periment (including all replications) run in a completelyrandomized design. E1325composite design, na design developed specifically forfitting second order response surfaces to study curvature,constructed by adding further selected treatments
34、to thoseobtained from a 2nfactorial (or its fraction). E1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E2586confidence coefficient, nsee confidence level. E2586confidence interval, nan interval estimate L, U with thestatistics L and U as limits for the parameter and withconfidence level 1-, where Pr(L
35、 U) 1- . E2586confidence level, nthe value, 1-, of the probability associ-ated with a confidence interval, often expressed as apercentage. E2586confidence limit, neach of the limits, L and U, of aconfidence interval, or the limit of a one-sided confidenceinterval. E2586confounded factorial design, n
36、a factorial experiment inwhich only a fraction of the treatment combinations are runin each block and where the selection of the treatmentcombinations assigned to each block is arranged so that oneor more prescribed effects is (are) confounded with the blockeffect(s), while the other effects remain
37、free fromconfounding. E1325confounding, ncombining indistinguishably the main effectof a factor or a differential effect between factors (interac-tions) with the effect of other factor(s), block factor(s) orinteractions(s). E1325consumers risk, nprobability that a lot having specifiedrejectable qual
38、ity level will be accepted under a definedsampling plan. E2555continuous sampling inspection, na method of sampling astream of product in order of production where the samplingfrequency is adjusted based on ongoing inspection results.E2819contrast, na linear function of the observations for which th
39、esum of the coefficients is zero. E1325contrast analysis, na technique for estimating the param-eters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselectedlinear combinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325control chart, nchart on which are plotted a statisticalmeasure of a subgroup versus time
40、 of sampling along withlimits based on the statistical distribution of that measure soas to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variationis inherent in the process or product. E2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending onsample size, used to convert specified statistics or pa
41、rametersinto a central line value or control limit appropriate to thecontrol chart. E2587control limits, nlimits on a control chart that are used ascriteria for signaling the need for action or judging whethera set of data does or does not indicate a state of statisticalcontrol based on a prescribed
42、 degree of risk. E2587control sample, nsample taken from a stable, homogeneousmaterial for the purposes of monitoring the performance ofa test method in a laboratory. E2554correlation coeffecient, nfor a population, , a dimension-less measure of association between two variables X and Y,equal to the
43、 covariance divided by the product of Xandtimes Y. E2586correlation coeffecient, nfor a sample, r, the quantity:E2586(x 2 x!y 2 y!n 2 1!sxsy(1)covariance, nof a population, cov (X, Y), for two variables,X and Y, the expected value of (X X)(Y Y). E2586covariance, nof a sample, the quanity: E2586(x 2
44、x!y 2 y!n 2 1!(2)critical defect, na defect that judgment and experienceindicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions forindividuals using, maintaining, or depending upon theproduct, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate islikely to prevent performance of the function of a majo
45、r enditem. E2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product withspecified requirements. E2234degrees of freedom, nthe number of independent data pointsminus the number of parameters that have to be estimatedbefore calculating the variance. E2586dependent variable, na variable to be predicted
46、using anequation. E2586design of experiments, nthe arrangement in which anexperimental program is to be conducted, and the selectionof the levels (versions) of one or more factors or factorcombinations to be included in the experiment. Synonymsinclude experiment design and experimental design. E1325
47、double sampling plan, na multiple sampling plan in whichup to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to accept orreject a lot. E2234empirical percentile, nestimate of a population percentileusing the sample data. This is a sample value such that apercentage p of the sample is less than that value.
48、 E2586equal complete coverage result, nthe numerical character-istic of interest calculated from observations made byE456 13a13drawing randomly from the frame, all of the sampling unitscovered by the frame. E141equivalence, nsimilarity between two population parameterswithin predetermined limits. E2
49、935error of result, na test result minus the accepted referencevalue of the characteristic. E2655estimate, nsample statistic used to approximate a populationparameter. E2586evolutionary operation (EVOP), na sequential form ofexperimentation conducted in production facilities duringregular production. E1325EWMA chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the exponen-tially weighted moving averages of consecutive subgroups.E2587expanded uncertainty, U, nuncertainty reported as a mul-ti
