1、Designation: E473 16Standard Terminology Relating toThermal Analysis and Rheology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of termsused in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis andrheology. This terminology includes o
3、nly those terms for whichASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. Itis not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related tothermal analysis and rheology.1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-wordform for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoana-l
4、ytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that forsome terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermalanalysis. This terminology does not support, nor does itrecommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-wordform using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical orthermalmagneto
5、metry.1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every fiveyears.2. Terminologyadiabatic, adjno heat exchange with the surroundings.calorimeter, napparatus for measuring quantities of ab-sorbed or evolved bined, adjthe application
6、 of two or more techniques todifferent samples at the same time.controlled-rate thermal analysis (CRTA), na family oftechniques that monitors the temperature versus time profileneeded to maintain a chosen, fixed rate of change of aproperty of a substance.DISCUSSIONCompared to controlled-temperature
7、experiments,where the reaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate canbecome limited by heat or mass transfer, CRTA experiments are morelikely to involve the chemical reaction as the limiting step. Thistechnique can also improve the resolution of multiple reactions. Forexample, in cont
8、rolled rate experiments, power to the furnace iscontrolled to ensure a fixed rate of mass loss (or gain).controlled-temperature program, nthe temperature historyexperienced by a sample during the course of a thermalanalysis experiment.DISCUSSIONIn contrast to controlled-rate experiments, power to th
9、efurnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change forcontrolled-temperature experiments. The program may include heatingor cooling segments in which the temperature is changed at a fixed rate,isothermal segments in which time becomes the explicit independentvariable, or any sequenc
10、e of these individual segments. If the atmo-sphere (or vacuum) around the sample is changed by some externalaction (depending on the independent variable onlytemperature ortime) during the course of the experiment, that too becomes part of thecontrolled-temperature program.curve, thermal, nthe plot
11、of a dependent parameter againstan independent parameter such as temperature or time.derivative, adjpertaining to the first derivative (mathemati-cal) of any curve with respect to temperature or time.dielectric analysis (DEA), na technique in which the dielec-tric constant (permittivity or capacitan
12、ce) and dielectric loss(conductance) of a substance under oscillating electric fieldare measured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.differential, adjpertaining to a difference in measured ormeasurable quan
13、tities usually between a substance and somereference or standard material.differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), na technique inwhich the heat flow difference into a substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperaturewhile the substance and reference material are subjected t
14、o acontrolled-temperature program.DISCUSSIONThe record is the differential scanning calorimetric orDSC curve. Two modes, power compensation differential scanningcalorimetry, and heat flux differential scanning calorimetry can bedistinguished, depending on the method of measurement used.DISCUSSIONTwo
15、 conventions exist in thermal analysis. In thephysicists convention, exothermic behavior increases downward onthe thermal curve. In the chemists convention, exothermic behaviorincreases upward on the thermal curve. Committee E37 takes noposition on which convention shall be used. To aid the user, th
16、edirection of exothermic (or conversely, endothermic) behavior shall beindicated on each thermal curve.differential thermal analysis (DTA), na technique in whichthe temperature difference between the substance and a1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 onThermal Measureme
17、nts and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E473 14. DOI:10.1520/E0473-16.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
18、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1reference material is measured as a function of temperature,while the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.DISCUSSIONThe term quantitative differential thermal analysiscovers those uses of DT
19、A where the equipment is designed to producequantitative results.dilatometry, nsee thermodilatometry.dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), na technique inwhich the storage modulus (elastic response) and lossmodulus (viscous response) of a substance under oscillatoryload is measured as a function of tem
20、perature, time, orfrequency of oscillation, while the substance is subjected toa controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.endotherm, nIn thermal analysis, the thermal record of atransition where heat is absorbed by the specimen.evolved gas analysis (EGA), na technique in which thenat
21、ure or amount, or both, of gas or vapor evolved by asubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program.DISCUSSIONSome specific forms of EGA have become establishedfor investigating different aspects of catalysis, such as reduction,oxidation, or desorption. In this context, EGA in a hydrogen
22、atmo-sphere is known as temperature-programmed reduction (TPR); EGA inan oxygen atmosphere is temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO);and EGA in the absence of decomposition, in an inert atmosphere orvacuum, is temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For eachtechnique the method used for gas identif
23、ication and quantificationshould always be clearly stated.evolved gas detection (EGD), nsee evolved gas analysis.extrapolated onset value, nthe value of the independentparameter found by extrapolating the dependent parameterbaseline prior to the event and a tangent constructed at theinflection point
24、 on the leading edge to their intersection.first-deviation-from baseline, nthe value of the independentparameter at which a deflection is first observed from theestablished dependent parameter baseline prior to the event.high-pressure (HP.), adja prefix for different thermoana-lytical techniques in
25、which the pressure in the apparatus isabove ambient.DISCUSSIONAs an example, high-pressure thermogravimetric analy-sis is designated HPTGA.isoperibol, adjto maintain constant surroundings.DISCUSSIONFor calorimeters, if only the surroundings areisothermal, the mode of operation is isoperibol. In isop
26、eribolcalorimeters, the temperature changes with time, governed by thethermal resistance between the calorimeter and surroundings.isothermal, adjat constant temperature.modulated temperature, adja prefix applied to the tech-nique named to indicate that temperature modulation hasbeen applied to the t
27、emperature program.DISCUSSIONAs an example, a DSC experiment carried out with amodulated temperature program would be Modulated TemperatureDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (MTDSC).DISCUSSIONOther modulated techniques are possible, such asmodulated force TMA.DISCUSSIONThe use of the prefix MT is pre
28、ferred to TM.nonreversing, adjin modulated temperature experiments,responding to the value of the temperature or time, or both.onset point (temperature or time), nthe temperature ortime at which a deflection is first observed from theestablished baseline prior to the thermal event.peak, nthat portio
29、n of a thermal curve characterized by adeviation from the established baseline, a maximum depen-dent parameter deflection, and a reestablishment of a base-line not necessarily identical to that before the peak.peak value, nthe value of the independent parameter corre-sponding to the maximum (or mini
30、mum) deflection from thebaseline of the dependent parameter curve.plateau, na region of little or no change in a graphicalrepresentation.pulse, na transient step-hold-return variation of a parameterthat is normally constant where the intensity and duration arespecified.reversing, adjin modulated tem
31、perature experiments, re-sponding to the rate of change of the temperature.rheometer, nan instrument for measuring rheological prop-erties with a controlled temperature, shear rate, or stressprogram.rheometry, na technique in which viscosity, storagemodulus, and loss modulus of a material are measur
32、ed as afunction of temperature, time, shear rate, or stress while thematerial is subjected to controlled temperature, shear rate, orstress program.simultaneous, adjthe application of two or more techniquesto the same sample at the same time.DISCUSSIONA hyphen is used to separate the abbreviations of
33、 thetechniques; for example, simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential scanning calorimetry would be TGA-DSC.stochastic, adjrandom.tan , nis the dimensionless ratio of energy lost to energyreturned during one cycle of a periodic process. Tan isnormally calculated by dividing the loss c
34、omponent of theproperty measured by a periodic method by the storagecomponent (for example, tan = E” E as used in DMA).thermal analysis (TA), na group of techniques in which aphysical property of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrol
35、led-temperature program.thermally stimulated current (TSC) analysis, na techniquein which the current generated when dipoles change theiralignment in a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosph
36、ere.DISCUSSIONThe technique can be applied in several ways: forexample; the substance can be pre-conditioned by heating and coolingin a nonoscillating electric field to create aligned, frozen dipoles. Thesubstance may then generate a thermally stimulated current duringsubsequent heating with no fiel
37、d applied.E473 162thermoanalytical, adjof, or pertaining to, thermal analysis.thermodilatometry, na technique in which a dimension of asubstance under negligible load is measured as a function oftemperature while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmospher
38、e.DISCUSSIONLinear thermodilatometry and volume thermodilatom-etry are distinguished on the basis of the dimension measured.thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), na technique in whichthe mass of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-t
39、emperature program in a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThe record is the thermogravimetric or TG curve.thermogravimetry (TG), nsee thermogravimetric analy-sis.thermomagnetometry, na family of thermoanalytical tech-niques in which a magnetic characteristic of a substance ismeasured as a function of t
40、emperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThermogravimetric analysis with a magnetic field act-ing on the specimen is the most common example.thermomechanical analysis (TMA), na technique in whichthe deformation of a sub
41、stance under nonoscillatory load ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThe load on the substance may be compressive, tensile,flexural, or torsional. When the applied load is too low to ca
42、usedeformation, TMA measures a dimension of the substance and in thismode is called thermodilatometry.thermomicroscopy, nsee thermoptometry.thermoptometry, na family of techniques in which anoptical characteristic of a substance is measured as afunction of temperature or time while the substance iss
43、ubjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specifiedatmosphere.DISCUSSIONMeasurement of total light, light of specificwavelength(s), refractive index, and luminescence leads, respectively,to thermophotometry, thermospectrometry, thermorefractometry, andthermoluminescence. Observations under t
44、he microscope lead to ther-momicroscopy.valley, na region of minimum values in a graphical repre-sentation bordered by higher values.viscometer, nan instrument for measuring viscosity at fixedtemperature, shear rate, or stress.viscometry, na technique in which viscosity of a material ismeasured at f
45、ixed temperature, shear rate, or stress.3. Keywords3.1 definitions; rheology; terminology; thermal analysisASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised th
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