1、Designation: E473 10Standard Terminology Relating toThermal Analysis and Rheology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of termsused in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis andrheology. This terminology includes o
3、nly those terms for whichASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. Itis not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related tothermal analysis and rheology.1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-wordform for terms using thermo-as a prefix, such as thermoana-l
4、ytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that forsome terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermalanalysis. This terminology does not support, nor does itrecommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-wordform using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical orthermalmagneto
5、metry.1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of the last review or revision is appended.2. Terminologyadiabatic, adj no heat exchange with the surroundings.calorimeter, napparatus for measuring quantities of
6、ab-sorbed or evolved bined, adjthe application of two or more techniques todifferent samples at the same time.controlled-rate thermal analysis (CRTA), na family oftechniques that monitors the temperature versus time profileneeded to maintain a chosen, fixed rate of change of aproperty of a substance
7、.NOTE 1Compared to controlled-temperature experiments, where thereaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate can becomelimited by heat or mass transfer, CRTA experiments are more likely toinvolve the chemical reaction as the limiting step. This technique can alsoimprove the resolution
8、of multiple reactions. For example, in controlledrate experiments, power to the furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rateof mass loss (or gain).controlled-temperature program, nthe temperature historyexperienced by a sample during the course of a thermalanalysis experiment.NOTE 2In contrast to co
9、ntrolled-rate experiments, power to thefurnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change forcontrolled-temperature experiments. The program may include heating orcooling segments in which the temperature is changed at a fixed rate,isothermal segments in which time becomes the explic
10、it independentvariable, or any sequence of these individual segments. If the atmosphere(or vacuum) around the sample is changed by some external action(depending on the independent variable onlytemperature or time)during the course of the experiment, that too becomes part of thecontrolled-temperatur
11、e program.curve, thermal, nthe plot of a dependent parameter againstan independent parameter such as temperature or time.dielectric thermal analysis (DETA or DEA), na techniquein which the dielectric constant (permittivity or capacitance)and dielectric loss (conductance) of a substance underoscillat
12、ing electric field are measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.derivative, adjpertaining to the first derivative (mathemati-cal) of any curve with respect to temperature or time.differential, adjpertai
13、ning to a difference in measured ormeasurable quantities usually between a substance and somereference or standard material.differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nA technique inwhich the heat flow difference into a substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperaturewhile th
14、e substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.NOTE 3The record is the differential scanning calorimetric or DSCcurve. Two modes, power compensation differential scanning calorimetry,and heat flux differential scanning calorimetry can be distinguished,depending o
15、n the method of measurement used.differential thermal analysis (DTA), nA technique in whichthe temperature difference between the substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperature,while the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.NOT
16、E 4The term quantitative differential thermal analysis coversthose uses of DTA where the equipment is designed to produce quantita-tive results.dilatometry, nsee thermodilatometry.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 onThermal Measurements and are the direct responsibili
17、ty of Subcommittee E37.03 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved March 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E473 09. DOI:10.1520/E0473-10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
18、ken, PA 19428-2959, United States.dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), na technique inwhich the storage modulus (elastic response) and lossmodulus (viscous response) of a substance under oscillatoryload is measured as a function of temperature, time, orfrequency of oscillation, while the substance is
19、subjected toa controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.endotherm, nIn thermal analysis, the thermal record of atransition where heat is absorbed by the specimen.evolved gas analysis (EGA), na technique in which thenature or amount, or both, of gas or vapor evolved by asubstance is su
20、bjected to a controlled-temperature program.NOTE 5Some specific forms of EGA have become established forinvestigating different aspects of catalysis, such as reduction, oxidation, ordesorption. In this context, EGA in a hydrogen atmosphere is known astemperature-programmed reduction (TPR); EGAin an
21、oxygen atmosphereis temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO); and EGA in the absence ofdecomposition, in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, is temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For each technique the method used forgas identification and quantification should always be clearly stated.evolved gas de
22、tection, (EGD), nsee evolved gas analysis.extrapolated onset value, nthe value of the independentparameter found by extrapolating the dependent parameterbaseline prior to the event and a tangent constructed at theinflection point on the leading edge to their intersection.first-deviation-from baselin
23、e , nthe value of the indepen-dent parameter at which a deflection is first observed fromthe established dependent parameter baseline prior to theevent.high-pressure (HP.), adja prefix for different thermoana-lytical techniques in which the pressure in the apparatus isabove ambient.NOTE 6As an examp
24、le, high-pressure thermogravimetric analysis isdesignated HPTGA.isoperibol, adjto maintain constant surroundings.NOTE 7For calorimeters, if only the surroundings are isothermal, themode of operation is isoperibol. In isoperibol calorimeters, the tempera-ture changes with time, governed by the therma
25、l resistance between thecalorimeter and surroundings.isothermal, adjat constant temperature.modulated temperature, adja prefix applied to the tech-nique named to indicate that temperature modulation hasbeen applied to the temperature program.NOTE 8As an example, a DSC experiment carried out with amo
26、dulated temperature program would be Modulated Temperature Dif-ferential Scanning Calorimetry (MTDSC).NOTE 9Other modulated techniques are possible, such as modulatedforce TMA.NOTE 10 The use of the prefix MT is preferred to TM.nonreversing, adjin modulated temperature experiments,responding to the
27、value of a stimulus or time, or both.onset point (temperature or time), nthe temperature ortime at which a deflection is first observed from theestablished baseline prior to the thermal event.peak, nthat portion of a thermal curve characterized by adeviation from the established baseline, a maximum
28、depen-dent parameter deflection, and a reestablishment of a base-line not necessarily identical to that before the peak.peak value, nthe value of the independent parameter corre-sponding to the maximum (or minimum) deflection from thebaseline of the dependent parameter curve.pulse, na transient step
29、-hold-return variation of a parameterthat is normally constant where the intensity and duration arespecified.reversing, adjin modulated temperature experiments, re-sponding to the rate of change of the stimulus.rheometer, nan instrument for measuring rheological prop-erties with a controlled tempera
30、ture, shear rate, or stressprogram.rheometry, na technique in which viscosity, storage modu-lus, and loss modulus of a material are measured as afunction of temperature, time, shear rate, or stress while thematerial is subjected to controlled temperature, shear rate, orstress program.simultaneous, a
31、djthe application of two or more techniquesto the same sample at the same time.NOTE 11A hyphen is used to separate the abbreviations of thetechniques; for example, simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential scanning calorimetry would be TGA-DSC.stochastic, adjrandom.tan d, nis the dimen
32、sionless ratio of energy lost to energyreturned during one cycle of a periodic process. Tan d isnormally calculated by dividing the loss component of theproperty measured by a periodic method by the storagecomponent (for example, tan d= E”/E as used in DMA).thermal analysis (TA) , na group of techni
33、ques in which aphysical property of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.thermally stimulated current analysis, na technique inwhich the current generated when dipoles change theiralignment in a substance is m
34、easured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.NOTE 12The technique can be applied in several ways: for example;the substance can be pre-conditioned by heating and cooling in anonoscillating electric field to
35、create aligned, frozen dipoles. The sub-stance may then generate a thermally stimulated current during subsequentheating with no field applied.thermoanalytical, adjof, or pertaining to, thermal analysis.thermodilatometry, na technique in which a dimension of asubstance under negligible load is measu
36、red as a function oftemperature while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.NOTE 13Linear thermodilatometry and volume thermodilatometryare distinguished on the basis of the dimension measured.thermogravimetry (TG), nsee thermogravimetric analy-sis.
37、thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), na technique in whichthe mass of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.NOTE 14The record is the thermogravimetric or TG curve.E473 102thermomagnetomet
38、ry, na family of thermoanalytical tech-niques in which a magnetic characteristic of a substance ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.NOTE 15Thermogravimetric analysis with a magnetic field acting
39、onthe specimen is the most common example.thermomechanical analysis (TMA), na technique in whichthe deformation of a substance under nonoscillatory load ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.NOTE 1
40、6The load on the substance may be compressive, tensile,flexural, or torsional. When the applied load is too low to causedeformation, TMA measures a dimension of the substance and in thismode is called thermodilatometry.thermomicroscopy, nsee thermoptometry.thermoptometry, na family of techniques in
41、which anoptical characteristic of a substance is measured as afunction of temperature or time while the substance issubjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specifiedatmosphere.NOTE 17Measurement of total light, light of specific wavelength(s),refractive index, and luminescence leads, resp
42、ectively, to thermophotom-etry, thermospectrometry, thermorefractometry, and thermoluminescence.Observations under the microscope lead to thermomicroscopy.torsional braid analysis (TBA), na particular case of dy-namic mechanical analysis in which the material is sup-ported on a braid and the specime
43、n is examined in torsion.viscometer, nan instrument for measuring viscosity at fixedtemperature, shear rate, or stress.viscometry, na technique in which viscosity of a material ismeasured at fixed temperature, shear rate, or stress.3. Keywords3.1 definitions; rheology; terminology; thermal analysisA
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47、e on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E473 103
