1、Designation: E 488 96 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Methods forStrength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover proced
3、ures for determiningthe static, seismic, fatigue and shock, tensile and shearstrengths of post-installed and cast-in-place anchorage systemsin structural members made of concrete or structural membersmade of masonry. Only those tests required by the specifyingauthority need to be performed.1.2 These
4、 test methods are intended for use with suchanchorage devices designed to be installed perpendicular to aplane surface of the structural member.1.3 Whereas combined tension and shear as well as torsiontests are performed under special conditions, such tests are notcovered in the methods described he
5、rein.1.4 While individual procedures are given for static, seis-mic, fatigue and shock testing, nothing herein shall precludethe use of combined testing conditions which incorporate twoor more of these types of tests, (such as seismic, fatigue andshock tests in series), since the same equipment is u
6、sed foreach of these tests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
7、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials3E 468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-tigue Test Results for Metallic
8、 Materials2E 575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-semblies43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 adhesive anchora post-installed anchor that derivesits holding strength from the chemical compoun
9、d between thewall of the hole and the anchor rods. The materials usedinclude epoxy, cementitious material, polyester resin, and othersimilar types.3.1.2 anchor spacingthe distance between anchors mea-sured centerline to centerline, in mm (in.); also, the minimumdistance between reaction points of th
10、e test frame.3.1.3 cast-in-place anchoran anchor that is installed priorto the placement of concrete and derives its holding strengthfrom plates, lugs, or other protrusions that are cast into theconcrete.3.1.4 displacementmovement of an anchor relative to thestructural member. For tension tests, dis
11、placement is measuredalong the axis of the anchor, and for shear tests, displacementis measured perpendicular to the axis of the anchor, in mm(in.).3.1.5 edge distanceside cover distance or the distancefrom the centerline of an anchor to the nearest edge of astructural member, in mm (in.); also, min
12、imum distance fromthe centerline to the test frame.3.1.6 embedment depthdistance from the test membersurface to the installed end of the anchor, in mm (in.), prior tothe setting of the anchor.3.1.7 expansion anchora post-installed anchor that de-rives its holding strength through a mechanically expa
13、ndedsystem which exerts forces against the sides of the drilled hole.3.1.8 fatigue testa laboratory test that applies repeatedload cycles to an anchorage system for the purpose ofdetermining the fatigue life or fatigue strength of that system.3.1.9 LVDTa linear variable differential transformer used
14、for measuring the displacement or movement of an anchor oranchor system.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.13on Structural Performance of Connections in Building Construction .Current e
15、dition approved May 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E 488 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
16、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.10 post-installed anchoran anchor that is installedafter the placement and hardening of concrete.3.1.11 run-outa condition where failure did not occur at aspecified number of load cycles in a fatigue test.3.1.12 safe working
17、loadsthe allowable or design loadobtained by applying factors of safety to the ultimate load ofthe anchorage device, kN (lbf).3.1.13 seismic testa laboratory test that applies loadcycles of varying magnitude and frequency to an anchoragesystem for the purpose of simulating a seismic event (earth-qua
18、ke).3.1.14 shear testa test in which an anchor is loadedperpendicular to the axis of the anchor and parallel to thesurface of the structural member.3.1.15 shock testa laboratory test that simulates shockloads on an anchorage system by the application of a shortduration external load.3.1.16 static te
19、sta test in which a load is slowly applied toan anchor according to a specified rate such that the anchorreceives one loading cycle.3.1.17 structural memberthe material in which the anchoris installed and which resists forces from the anchor.3.1.18 tensile testa test in which an anchor is loadedaxia
20、lly in tension.3.1.19 undercut anchora post-installed anchor that de-rives its holding strength from an expansion of an embeddedportion of the anchor into a portion of the hole that is larger indiameter than the portion of the hole between the enlargedsection and the surface of the structural member
21、. The enlargeddiameter section of the hole is predrilled or enlarged by anexpansion process during setting of the anchor.3.2 Symbols:hef= effective depth of embedment of an anchorin mm (in.).Fs= safe working load in kN (lbf).h = thickness of the structural member in mm(in.).hv= anchor embedment dept
22、h in mm (in.).s = anchor spacing in mm (in.) measured cen-terline to centerline.c = edge distance in mm (in.) measured fromcenterline of anchor to edge.d = nominal anchor diameter in mm (in.).DT= uncorrected displacement for tension testsin mm (in.).DS= uncorrected displacement for shear tests inmm
23、(in.).ANand BN= instrument readings at a given load in mm(in.).AIand BI= initial instrument readings in mm (in.).DT= average displacement at maximum load fortension tests in mm (in.).DS= average displacement at maximum load forshear tests in mm (in.).n = number of test samples.NT= total number of lo
24、ad cycles in tensionfatigue test.NS= total number of load cycles in shear fatiguetest.NT= average number of load cycles in tensionfatigue test.NS= average number of load cycles in shearfatigue test.DFT= displacement of anchor occurring at maxi-mum load for tension fatigue test mm (in.).DFS= displace
25、ment of anchor occurring at maxi-mum load for shear fatigue test mm (in.).Afuand Bfu= maximum displacement instrument read-ings for fatigue tests mm (in.).Afiand Bfi= initial displacement instrument readings forfatigue tests mm (in.).DFT= average maximum displacement for tensionfatigue tests mm (in.
26、).DFS= average maximum displacement for shearfatigue tests mm (in.).4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are intended to provide data fromwhich applicable design data and specifications are derivablefor a given anchorage device used in a structural member ofconcrete, masonry and related pro
27、ducts and for qualifyinganchors or anchorage systems.4.2 The test methods shall be followed to ensure reproduc-ibility of the test data.5. Apparatus5.1 Equipment:5.1.1 LaboratorySuitable equipment shall be used toperform tests to generate data required to publish load tables orto obtain listings fro
28、m approval agencies, building officials,etc. Calibrated electronic load and displacement measuringdevices which meet the sampling rate of loading specifiedherein shall be used. The equipment shall be capable ofmeasuring the forces to an accuracy within 6 1 % of theanticipated ultimate load, when cal
29、ibrated in accordance withPractices E4. The load and displacement measuring devicesshall be capable of providing data points at least once persecond in order to produce continuous load versus displace-ment curves. A minimum of 120 data points per instrumentshall be obtained and recorded for each ind
30、ividual test. Thereadings shall be obtained prior to reaching peak load. Theinstruments shall be positioned to measure the vertical move-ment of the anchor with respect to points on the structuralmember in such a way that the instrument is not influencedduring the test by deflection or failure of th
31、e anchor orstructural member. The testing device shall be of sufficientcapacity to prevent yielding of its various components andshall ensure that the applied tension loads remain parallel to theaxes of the anchors and that the applied shear loads remainparallel to the surface of the structural memb
32、er during testing.5.1.2 Field TestsSuitable equipment shall be used toperform tests required to verify correct installation or provideproof loads on anchors installed at a specific job site. Cali-brated load cells which meet the specified rate of loading givenherein shall be used. The equipment shal
33、l be capable ofmeasuring the forces to an accuracy within 6 2 % of theE 488 96 (2003)2applied load, when calibrated in accordance with Practices E4.For field tests which require displacement measurements, useeither manually read dial gages or electronic load and displace-ment measuring devices, prov
34、ided they are capable of gener-ating a minimum of 50 data points prior to reaching peak load.For field tests requiring displacement measurements, the in-strument(s) shall be positioned to measure the vertical move-ment of the anchor with respect to points on the structuralmember in such a way that t
35、he instrument is not influencedduring the test by deflection or failure of the anchor orstructural member. The testing device shall be of sufficientcapacity to prevent yielding of its various components andshall ensure that the applied tension loads remain parallel to theaxes of the anchors and that
36、 the applied shear loads remainparallel to the surface of the structural member during testing.5.2 Tension TestExamples of suitable systems for apply-ing tension pull-out forces are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 in whicha single anchor specimen is shown. The test system supportshall be of sufficient size t
37、o prevent failure of the surroundingstructural member. The loading rod shall be of such size todevelop the ultimate strength of the anchorage hardware withminimal elastic elongation and shall be attached to the anchor-age system by means of a connector that will minimize thedirect transfer of bendin
38、g stress through the connection.5.3 Shear TestExamples of suitable systems for applyingshear forces are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 in which a singleanchor specimen is shown. The components of the test fixtureshall be of sufficient size and strength to prevent their yieldingduring ultimate capacity tests
39、 on the anchorage system.5.4 Loading PlateThe thickness of the loading plate in theimmediate vicinity of the test anchor shall be equal to thenominal bolt diameter to be tested, 6 1.5 mm (6116 in.),representative of a specific application.5.4.1 The hole in the loading plate shall have a diameter 1.5
40、mm 6 0.75 mm (0.06 mm 6 0.03 in.) greater than the testanchor. The initial shape of the hole in the loading plate shallcorrespond to that of the anchor cross section and shall bemaintained throughout all tests. Worn or deformed holes shallbe repaired. Insert sleeves of the required diameter shall be
41、periodically installed in the loading plate to meet theserequirements.5.4.2 For shear testing, the contact area between the loadingplate through which the anchor is installed and the structuralmember shall be as given in Table 1, unless otherwisespecified. The edges of the shear loading fixture shal
42、l bechamfered or have a radius to prevent digging in of the loadingplate.5.5 Anchor Displacement Measurement For anchor teststhat require displacement measurements, the displacementmeasurements shall be made using LVDT device(s) or equiva-lent which provide continuous readings with an accuracy of at
43、least 0.025 mm (0.001 in.). Dial gages having an accuracy ofFIG. 1 Typical Static Tension Test ArrangementFIG. 2 Typical Seismic Tension Test ArrangementE 488 96 (2003)30.025 mm (0.001 in.) are permitted in field testing or forgeneral tests where precise displacement measurements are notrequired.5.5
44、.1 Tension Test:5.5.1.1 Single AnchorThe displacement measuring de-vice(s) shall be positioned to measure the vertical movement ofthe anchors with respect to points on the structural member insuch a way that the device is not influenced during the test bydeflection or failure of the anchor or struct
45、ural member.5.5.1.2 Group of AnchorsDisplacement measurementsshall be made on all anchors or group of anchors testedsimultaneously except that only one set of instruments needs tobe used for a group of anchors tested as a closely spacedcluster. Displacement measurements as described in 5.5 in-clude
46、components of deformation not directly associated withdisplacement of the anchor relative to the structural member.Include components of deformation such as elastic elongationof the loading rod anchor stem, deformation of the loadingplate, sleeves, shims, attachment hardware, and local structuralmem
47、ber material. Deduct all of the elongations from thesesources from the total displacement measurements by usingsupplementary measuring devices or calibration test data forthe installed test set-up with rigid specimen replacing theanchor to be tested. The displacement to be used for theevaluation of
48、the findings is the average displacement indicatedby both instruments mounted symmetrically equidistant fromthe centroid of the cluster as shown in Fig. 5.5.5.2 Shear TestThe displacement measuring device(s)shall be positioned to measure displacement in the direction ofthe applied load. The device s
49、hall be placed on the structuralmember to allow the sensing element to bear perpendicularlyon the anchor or on a contact plate located on the loading plateas shown in Fig. 3 or other method which prevents extraneousFIG. 3 Typical Method of Applying Shear Loads to Anchors Attached to Structural MembersDirect Loading MethodFIG. 4 Typical Seismic Shear Test ArrangementIndirect Loading MethodTABLE 1 Shear Loading Plate Bearing Area as a Function ofAnchor DiameterAnchor Diameter,mm (in.)Shear Loading Plate Contact Area,cm2(in.2)51 (2) 260.1400 (40.3162.0
