1、Designation: E3021/E3021M 15Standard Guide forEvaluating the Relative Effectiveness of Building Systems toResist the Passage of Products of Combustion Based onthe Aggregation of Leakage Rates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3021/E3021M; the number immediately following the desig
2、nation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides a method of
3、 evaluating the relativeeffectiveness of building systems to resist the passage ofsmoke.1.2 The method of evaluating the relative effectiveness of abuilding system is based on the aggregation of leakage rates ofopenings, penetrations, joints and interfaces of the constructionelements forming the bui
4、lding system.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in n
5、on-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitat
6、ions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE283 Test Method for Determining Rate of Air LeakageThrough Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and DoorsUnder Specified Pressure Differences Across the Speci-menE1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate ofA
7、ir LeakageThrough Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and DoorsUnder Specified Pressure and Temperature DifferencesAcross the Specimen2.2 Underwriters Laboratories Standards:3UL 555S Standard for Smoke DampersUL 1479 Fire Tests of Through-Penetration FirestopsUL 1784 Standard forAir Leakage Tests of Do
8、orAssembliesUL 2079 Tests for Fire Resistance of Building Joint Systems3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms other than those contained inthis guide, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 building system, nfor the purpose of this guide,abuilding system is defined as any assembly of wa
9、ll, floor, orcombination floor and ceiling elements, as applicable, includ-ing any penetrating items, intended to function as a barrier toresist the passage of products of combustion through thebarrier.NOTE 1See commentary for examples of building systems.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Using current air lea
10、kage rate tests and test results, thisguide provides a method of aggregating the air leakage ratesfor the various components, interfaces and penetrations in abuilding system.4.2 The determination of the total air leakage rates ofbuilding systems provides a direct comparative tool for therelative ran
11、king of such building systems.5. Significance and Use5.1 Use of this guide can be beneficial in determining therelative effectiveness of building systems as it relates topotential protection from passage of products of combustionbetween building spaces under both ambient and elevatedtemperatures.5.2
12、 Determining the relative effectiveness of a buildingsystem to limit the total air leakage between building spaces is1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire Resistance.Current edition approved Aug. 1,
13、 2015. Published November 2015. DOI:10.1520/E3021_E3021M-152For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3A
14、vailable from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1important in the evaluation and selection of potential construc-tion components to meet desi
15、red performance requirements fora building.5.3 To properly assess the relative effectiveness of a build-ing systems total air leakage rate, a guide as to how toaggregate the individual component air leakage rates into atotal air leakage rate for the building system is needed.5.4 It is the intent of
16、this guide to provide a methodology forthe conversion of individual component air leakage rates intocommon values that can be aggregated into a total air leakagerate for a building system, thus providing a means for estab-lishing the relative effectiveness of various building systems toresist the pa
17、ssage of products of combustion.6. Procedure6.1 The effectiveness of building systems to resist thepassage of products of combustion is dependent upon theability of such building systems to limit the total amount of airleakage.6.2 Building systems may consist of a wide variety of one ormore componen
18、ts including but not limited to walls, floors andceilings. In some cases, such as but not limited to, pipes,wiring, doors, windows and ducts, the penetration of compo-nents may provide a path for air leakage.6.3 In order to calculate the total amount of air leakagethrough a building system, the air
19、leakage for all the individualcomponents must be known, including all penetration andcomponent interfaces.6.4 Currently, there are a number of air leakage test stan-dards being utilized for the testing of various components ofwhat may potentially be a part of a building system. While eachof these st
20、andards may vary in some of the test requirements ofhow the test is conducted, there are a number of commonalitiesthat should be noted when attempting to aggregate the amountof total air leakage through a building system. Table 1 providesa listing of important test requirements and conditions for ea
21、chof the currently used test standards.6.5 Each of the current test standards uses a somewhatdifferent nomenclature for the computation of the componentleakage rate. In order to establish a common nomenclature forthis guide, the component leakage rate is computed based onthe total metered air flow o
22、ut of the chamber minus theextraneous chamber leakage loss in accordance with thefollowing:TABLE 1 Test Standard ComparisonTest Standard andSubject MatterRating Air LeakageSealedChamberTemperature Pressure Differential Leakage DeterminationUL 555S-1999UL 1479-2003 L rating based onamount of air leak
23、agethrough the testsample.Leakage differentialbetween inside andoutside chamber (cfm/ft2)Yes Ambient75 20F24 11CElevated400 10F204 5C0.3 0.005 in. of wa-ter pressureQ(air leakage) = Qm(totalmetered air flow) QL(ex-traneous chamber leakage)UL 2079-2004 No ratings. Optionalpart of test standard.Leakag
24、e differentialbetween inside andoutside chamber atambient and elevatedtemperature (cfm/linear ft)Yes Ambient75 20F24 11CElevated400 10F204 5C0.3 0.005 in. of wa-ter pressureQ(air leakage) = Qt(totalmetered air flow) Qe(ex-traneous chamber leakage)q(air leakage rate throughjoint system) = Q/L(over-al
25、l length of joint system-39in. minimum)UL 1784-2001 No ratings. Report re-sults.Leakage rating atspecified pressure andtemperature conditions(cfm/ft2)Yes Ambient75 20F24 11CElevated400 10F204 5CTesting required at0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 in.25, 50 and 75 Pa re-spectively.Q(air leakage) = Qm(totalmetered air
26、 flow) timesWm/Ww(Air Density Adjust-ment) QL(extraneouschamber leakage)E283-04 No ratings. Testmethod for determin-ing rate of air leakagethrough exteriorwindows, curtain walls,and doors underspecified pressure dif-ferences across thespecimen.Test method for testingwithout any specificmetrics as fa
27、r as leak-age rate limitations,temperature or differ-ential pressures.Yes Assumed to be ambi-ent since no require-ment contained instandard.As required but if notspecified, the mini-mum is 75 Pa.Leakage calculations simi-lar to other standards ex-cept calculated leakagerates expressed in terms ofuni
28、t area and unit length.Formulas for adjustmentsdue to air temperature anddensity.E1424-91(00) No ratings. Testmethod for Determin-ing rate of air leakagethrough exteriorwindows, curtain walls,and doors underspecified pressure dif-ferences across thespecimen.Test method for testingwithout any specifi
29、cmetrics as far as leak-age rate limitations,temperature or differ-ential pressures.Yes Assumed to be ambi-ent since no require-ment contained instandard.As required but if notspecified, the mini-mum is 75 Pa.Leakage calculations simi-lar to other standards ex-cept calculated leakagerates expressed
30、in terms ofunit area and unit length.Formulas for adjustmentsdue to air temperature anddensity.E3021/E3021M 152QC5 QT2 QL(1)where:QC= component leakage rate (ft3/min-ft2)m3/s-m2,QT= total meter air flow out of the chamber (ft3/min-ft2)m3/s-m2, andQL= extraneous chamber leakage loss (ft3/min-ft2)m3/s
31、-m2.6.6 In order to aggregate the total air leakage rates of allcomponents in a building system, some of the test conditionsused in the currently available test standards must be convertedto a common set of test conditions, that is, sealed chamber,temperature, pressure differential.6.7 The air leaka
32、ge for individual components should bedetermined based on testing using a sealed chamber apparatus.6.8 While the influence of pressure differentials within andover the height of the compartment due to fire within thecompartment is not included as a part of this guide, it isappropriate whenever possi
33、ble to consider air leakage rates forvarious components under both ambient, 75 6 20F 24 611C and elevated temperatures, 400 6 10F 204 6 5C.6.9 Current test standards vary regarding the test pressuredifferential requirements between the inside and outside of thetest chamber. There is a reasonable ran
34、ge of differential testpressures which can be established and conversion of the airleakage rates to a common value for aggregation is possible.The reasonable range of differential test pressures is 0.1 to 1.06 0.005 in. of water pressure 25 to 75 Pa. Tests results forvarious components at different
35、differential test pressures canbe converted using the relationship:QcQt5=Pc=Pt(2)where:Qc= converted value of air leakage rate,Qt= reported air leakage at test pressure,pt= pressure differential used in test, andpc= pressure differential for aggregation of air leakagerates.NOTE 2Given that flow prop
36、erties of air and smoke at a giventemperature and pressure are sufficiently close for engineering purposes,the measurement of air leakage by this method is considered to provide areasonable estimate of the measurement of smoke leakage.7. Aggregation of Test Results7.1 In order to establish a total v
37、alue of leakage for abuilding enclosure system, it is necessary to aggregate theresults of the various components of the building system aswell as any penetrations of the wall, floor and ceiling compo-nents. To facilitate the aggregation of results, the leakage rateof the individual components and p
38、enetrating elements shallwhen necessary be converted to leakage rates with commonunits of measure. In addition, whenever possible, leakage ratesshall be aggregated for both the ambient and elevated tempera-ture test conditions. In some cases, test methods such as TestMethods E283 and E1424 do not pr
39、ovided test results forelevated temperature test conditions and therefore, aggregationof leakage values is only possible for ambient temperature testconditions. Table 1 provides a comparison of the variousleakage rate test methods and the manner in which the resultsare reported.7.2 The total aggrega
40、tion of leakage rates for a buildingsystem can be determined through a process of summing theindividual leakage rates of all components of the buildingsystem including their associated penetrations and interfaces.7.3 The calculating of the total aggregation of leakage ratescan be accomplished using
41、the following general aggregationformula:Total Leakage Rate 5 $ Rdoor!1Rdamper!1Rpenetration!1Rjoint!% (3)where:R = the leakage rate of the item, with units as specified in7.4, and = the summation of the leakage contributed by eachindividual item, l through n.NOTE 3The aggregation of leakage rates u
42、sing the formula must bedone in a manner to ensure aggregation using common units.7.4 In order to use the general aggregation formula of 7.3,itis important to consider the differences in the way variousleakage rates are reported and the pressure differential use inthe test method. The general aggreg
43、ation formula for a com-mon pressure differential of 0.1 in. of water column would takeon the following form:Total Leakage Rate 5$ Rdoor3 Adoor! 1 Rdamper3 Adamper3 0.32! 1 Rpenetration1!3 Apenetration3 0.58!1 Rpenetration2!3 0.58!1 Rjoints3 Ljoints3 0.58!%(4)where:Rdoor= the leakage rate of the doo
44、r in cfm per ft20.1 in. water column,Rdamper= the leakage rate of the damper in cfm per ft2 1 in. water column,Rpenetration(1)= the leakage rate of the Type 1 penetration incfm per ft2 0.3 in. water column,Rpenetration(2)= the leakage rate of the Type 2 penetration incfm per device 0.3 in. water col
45、umn,Rjoint= the leakage rate of the joint in cfm per linearft 0.3 in. water column,A = the cross-sectional area of the individual itemas identified, ft2,L = the length of the joint, ft, and = the summation of the leakage contributed byeach individual item, l through n.7.5 While any form of calculati
46、on of the total leakage ratesinto common units of measure is acceptable, a tabulation of theleakage rate values is preferred.Atabulation will ensure that allcomponents of the building system and penetrations have beenaccounted for in the evaluation.Total Leakage Rate 5 $ Rdoors3 Adoors! 1 Rdampers3
47、Adampers3 0.32! 1 Rpenetrations3 Apenetrations3 0.58! 1 Rjoints3 Ljoints3 0.58!% (5)E3021/E3021M 153where:R = the leakage rate of the item, with units as specified in7.4,A = the cross-sectional area of the individual item asidentified, ft2,L = the length of the joint, ft, and = the summation of the
48、smoke leakage contributed byeach individual item, l through n.8. Keywords8.1 air leakage; smoke; smoke barrier; smoke partitionAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTARYX1.1 For many decades, it has been recognized that prod-ucts of combustion (smoke) produced by fires within occupiedbuildings
49、 can potentially provide a significant risk to occupantsof the building as well as result in an increase in the economicimpact attributed to the impact on building contents losses.Construction regulations (codes) for several decades havecontained provisions intended in some manner to provide for alevel of life safety protection to the occupants of buildingsfrom exposure to the accumulation or migration of smoke.Large spaces, such as shopping malls
