1、Designation: E 938 05Standard Test Method forEffectiveness of Liquid, Gel, or Cream Insecticides AgainstAdult Human Lice1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the effectiveness of pedi-culicidal materials in liquid, gel, or cream form, aga
3、inst theadult human louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, the surrogatesubspecies for the human head louse (P.h. capitis). (Only gelsor creams that liquefy at 32C (90F) can be tested).1.2 This test method is for the use of those wishing todevelop efficacy data, or to compare formulations for headlouse c
4、ontrol.1.3 This test method consists of five replicates for a statis-tical comparison of formulations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
5、if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 morbidunable to
6、move towards heat 1 h aftertreatment: sickly, but not necessarily dying; may recover by 24h.2.1.2 moribundunable to move towards heat (and there-fore food) 24 h after treatment; dying.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Five replicates of 25 lice each, plus five control repli-cates for each batch of lice,
7、shall be used for each testconcentration or any other variable tested.3.2 Percent mortality, corrected by Abbotts Formula, isdetermined.24. Significance and Use4.1 This test method should provide a consistent approachboth in terms of test insects and test procedures for thegathering of efficacy data
8、 for pediculicides.4.2 Data collection in this manner should be suitable forproduct development and comparison. In addition, it should besuitable for review by regulatory agencies.5. Apparatus and Materials5.1 Test ContainerA 9-dram plastic vial, screened at thebottom with 20-mesh screen, shall be u
9、sed as the dippingvessel. A plunger, made from a plastic rod, and a circularscreen fits inside the vial. Plastics used should be as chemicallyunreactive as possible. Plastic vials are to be discarded aftereach test.5.2 BeakersA 100-mL beaker is used to contain theinsecticide into which the test cont
10、ainer is dipped. A1000-mLbeaker is used as the container in which the lice are washedafter treatment.5.3 Heating SurfaceA slide dryer, that will provide heatof approximately 37C (98F), is adequate.5.4 IncubatorThe incubator shall be capable of maintain-ing a temperature of 31.7C (89F) and 60 % RH.5.
11、5 Petri dishes, 8.9 cm in diameter and 1.3 cm deep.5.6 WaterbathCapable of maintaining 32C (90F).5.7 Dark Cotton Corduroy,4by4cm.5.8 Paper Toweling, Stop Watch, Forceps or Camel HairBrush, and Wash Bottle.5.9 Test InsectThe test insect is the human body louse,Pediculus humanus humanus. The present s
12、train was estab-lished from the USDA Gainesville strain.3It is a susceptiblestrain and, through selection, has adapted to a rabbit host.5.10 Host AnimalNew Zealand white rabbits.6. Rearing of Test Insects6.1 Collect eggs at 2-day intervals. This can be done whenthe corduroy patch is placed on the ra
13、bbit. The adult lice leave1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E35.12 on Insect ControlAgents .Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 1, 2005. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition
14、 approved in 2000 as E 938 94 (2000)e1.2Abbott, W. S., “A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of An Insecticide,”Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol 18, 1925, pp. 265267.3The present strain of Pediculus humanus humanus is maintained by InsectControl and Research, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21228.1Copyrig
15、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the patch to feed. The patch is then removed from the rabbit.Any lice that do remain on the patch, should be removed.6.2 Place the patch containing eggs in a plastic container (10by 7 cm) with
16、a screened lid, and note the date on the container.Place the container in an incubator that is maintained at 31.7Cand 60 % RH.6.3 The eggs will hatch in approximately 7 days and a bloodmeal should be provided on day 7.6.4 Provide blood meals daily. Allow the lice to feed on theshaved abdomen of a re
17、strained rabbit. The rabbit is placed onits back on the restraining rack for approximately 30 min.Collect the lice after feeding by moving the corduroy patchesback and forth gently over the shaved area of the rabbit. Mostof the lice will attach to the patch. Pick up any remaining licewith a forceps
18、or camels hair brush.6.5 Lice used for testing are usually 17 (6) 1 day old (asdetermined from the date of the first blood meal).6.6 Keep adult lice, for egg laying purposes, approximatelythree weeks (from time of hatching) and then discard.7. Procedure7.1 Place 25 adult lice, mixed sexes, in the bo
19、ttom of the9-dram test container. Insert the screened plunger to keep thelice from floating to the surface.7.2 Place the pediculicide to be tested in a 100-mL beakerand introduce the beaker into a waterbath maintained at 32C.Allow the test formulation temperature to stabilize prior totesting.7.3 Pla
20、ce the 9-dram vial in the 100-mLpediculicide beaker,and keep the lice under the pediculicide for a suggested time of10 min., (other times may be used, as dictated by the type offormulation).7.4 Remove the test container and blot the bottom of thecontainer to remove any remaining liquid.7.5 Place the
21、 9-dram vial into the 1000-mL beaker contain-ing distilled water at 32C and agitate the container. At the endof 1 min, remove container, and gently wash the lice in astream of distilled water (32C) from the wash bottle for 1 min.7.6 Blot excess water with paper toweling.7.7 Transfer the lice to a cl
22、ean 4 by 4-cm patch of darkcorduroy cloth. Use a camel hair brush to remove any lice thatremain in the container. Place corduroy patch in a petri dish.7.8 Place the petri dish with lice in an incubator maintainedat 31.7C and 60 % RH.7.9 Make the first observation 1 h post treatment, andreplace the p
23、etri dish in the incubator.7.10 To make an observation, place the lice on top of a patchin a petri dish, which is then placed on the slide warmer (37C).Lice not dead or morbid will move to the lower patch within 5min.7.11 For the controls, repeat all of the above procedures,substituting distilled wa
24、ter for the candidate pediculicide.8. Analysis of Data8.1 Dead and moribund lice are added to give mortality at24 h.8.2 All mortality counts are corrected to mean correctedpercent mortality using Abbotts formula.(% Alive in Control)Corrected Mortality = (% Alive in Test) 3 100(% Alive in Control)8.3
25、 Prior to statistical analysis, percent mortalities will betransformed using Arcsine Tranformation Tables.4Then anAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be performed and themeans will be separated by a suitable statistical procedure.9. Precision and Bias9.1 No precision data is available for this test me
26、thod,however, Committee E-35 is interested in conducting aninterlaboratory test program and encourages interested partiesto contact the staff manager, Committee E-35, ASTMHeadquarters.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any it
27、em mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical com
28、mittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
29、meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
30、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).4Box, G., Hunter, W., Hunter, S., “Statistics for Experimenters”, Wiley, 1978.E938052
