1、Designation: F 1292 04An American National StandardStandard Specification forImpact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the UseZone of Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSurveys by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (C
3、PSC)2and others haveshown that falls from playground equipment onto the underlying surface are a significant cause ofinjuries to children. Severe head injuries are the most frequently implicated cause of death inplayground equipment-related falls. Use of appropriate impact-attenuating surfacing mate
4、rials in theuse zone of playground equipment can reduce the risk of fall-related injury. In particular, it is believedthat the risk of life-threatening head injuries is reduced when appropriate surfacing materials areinstalled.This specification specifies impact attenuation performance requirements
5、for playground surfacesand surfacing materials and provides a means of determining impact attenuation performance using atest method that simulates the impact of a childs head with the surface. The test method quantifiesimpact in terms of g-max and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores. G-max is the me
6、asure of themaximum acceleration (shock) produced by an impact. The Head Injury Criterion or HIC score is anempirical measure of impact severity based on published research describing the relationship betweenthe magnitude and duration of impact accelerations and the risk of head trauma. The standard
7、 includesprocedures allowing surfacing materials to be performance-rated before installation and for installedsurfacing materials to be tested for conformance with the specification.The purpose of this specification is to reduce the frequency and severity of fall-related head injuriesto children by
8、establishing a uniform and reliable means of comparing and specifying the impactattenuation of playground surfaces. Its use will give designers, manufacturers, installers, prospectivepurchasers, owners, and operators of playgrounds a means of objectively assessing the performanceof surfacing materia
9、ls under and around playground equipment and hence of evaluating the associatedinjury risk.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes minimum performancerequirements for the impact attenuation of playground surfac-ing materials installed within the use zone of playgroundequipment.1.2 This specificat
10、ion is specific to surfacing used in con-junction with playground equipment, such as that described inSpecifications F 1148, F 1487, F 1918, F 1951, and F 2075.1.3 This specification establishes an impact attenuationperformance criterion for playground surfacing materials; ex-pressed as a critical f
11、all height.1.4 This specification establishes procedures for determin-ing the critical fall height of playground surfacing materialsunder laboratory conditions. The laboratory test is mandatoryfor surfaces to conform to the requirements of this specifica-tion.1.5 The laboratory test required by this
12、 specification ad-dresses the performance of dry surfacing materials.1.6 The critical fall height of a playground surfacing mate-rial determined under laboratory conditions does not accountfor important factors that may influence the actual performanceof installed surfacing materials. Factors that a
13、re known toaffect surfacing material performance include but are not1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.63 onPlayground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Publ
14、ished January 2004. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1292 99.2U.S. CPSC Special Study. Injuries and Deaths Associated with ChildrensPlayground Equipment, April 2001. US Consumer Product Safety Commission,Washington DC.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
15、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.limited to aging, moisture, maintenance, exposure to tempera-ture extremes (for example, freezing), exposure to ultravioletlight, contamination with other materials, compaction, loss ofthickness, shrinkage, submersion in water,
16、and so forth.1.7 This specification also establishes a procedure for test-ing installed playground surfaces in order to determine whetheran installed playground surface meets the specified perfor-mance criterion.1.8 The results of a field test determine conformance ofinstalled playground surfacing m
17、aterials with the criterion ofthis specification and are specific to the ambient conditionsunder which the test was performed.1.9 The impact attenuation specification and test methodsestablished in this specification are specific to the risk of headinjury. There is only limited evidence that conform
18、ance withthe requirements of this specification reduces the risk of otherkinds of serious injury (for example, long bone fractures).NOTE 1The relative risk of fatality and of different degrees of headinjury may be estimated using the information in Appendix X1, whichshows the relationships between t
19、he Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores ofan impact and the probability of head injury.1.10 This specification relates only to the impact attenuationproperties of playground surfacing materials and does notaddress other factors that contribute to fall-related injuries.While it is believed that conform
20、ance with the requirements ofthis specification will reduce the risk of serious injury anddeath from falls, adherence to this specification will notprevent all injuries and deaths.1.11 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re-garded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinf
21、ormation only.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use
22、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF 355 Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Play-ing Surface Systems and MaterialsF 429 Test Method for Shock-Attenuation Characteristics ofProtective
23、Headgear for FootballF 1148 Consumer Safety Performance Specification forHome Playground EquipmentF 1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification forPlayground Equipment for Public UseF 1918 Safety Performance Specification for Soft Con-tained Play EquipmentF 1951 Specification for Determination of
24、 Accessibility ofSurface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-mentF 2075 Specification for Engineered Wood Fiber for Use asa Playground Safety Surface Under and Around Play-ground Equipment2.2 SAE Standard:SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation forImpact Tests42.3 Federal Documents:U
25、.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Publication325, Handbook for Public Playground SafetyU.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Special Study:Injuries and Deaths Associated with Childrens Play-ground Equipment. April 20023. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Related to Playground Installa-tio
26、ns:3.1.1 critical fall height (CFH)a measure of the impactattenuation performance of a playground surface or surfacingmaterials; defined as the highest theoretical drop height fromwhich a surface meets the impact attenuation performancecriterion specified by this specification. The critical fall hei
27、ghtapproximates the maximum fall height from which a life-threatening head injury would not be expected to occur.3.1.2 designated play surfaceany elevated surface forstanding, walking, sitting, or climbing, or a flat surface largerthan 2.0 in. (51 mm) wide by 2.0 in. (51 mm) long having lessthan 30
28、angle from horizontal.3.1.3 fall heightthe vertical distance between a designatedplay surface and the playground surface beneath it.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFall heights for specific types of playstructure are defined in Specifications F 1148, F 1487, andF 1918.3.1.4 playground equipmentany fixed physical
29、structureinstalled in a designated play area that is accessible to childrenfor activities such as climbing, swinging, sliding, rocking,spinning, crawling, creeping, or combinations thereof.3.1.5 playground surfacea manufactured or natural mate-rial used to cover the ground below playground equipment
30、,including foundations, substrates, and any compliant surfacingmaterials intended to attenuate impact.3.1.6 play structurea free-standing structure with one ormore components and their supporting members.3.1.7 public use playground equipmenta play structureanchored to the ground or not intended to b
31、e moved, for use inplay areas of schools, parks, child-care facilities, institutions,multiple-family dwellings, private resorts and recreation devel-opments, restaurants, and other areas of public use.3.1.8 surfacing materialsmaterials used to cover the sur-face of the playground use zone.3.1.8.1 lo
32、ose-fill surfacea compliant top layer of small,independently, movable components; for example, wood fiber,bark mulch, wood chips, shredded foam, shredded rubber,sand, gravel, and so forth.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service
33、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.F12920423.1.8.2 aggregate surfacea loose fill surface in which thecompl
34、iant top layer is made of particulate materials (forexample, sand, gravel, crushed marble, slag, cinders, calcinedmaterials).3.1.8.3 unitary surfacea compliant top layer of one ormore material components bound together to form a continu-ous surface; for example, urethane and rubber composites,moulde
35、d foam, moulded rubber mats.3.1.9 use zonethe area beneath and immediately adjacentto a play structure or playground equipment that is designatedfor unrestricted circulation around the equipment and on whosesurface it is predicted that a user would land when falling fromor exiting the equipment.3.1.
36、10 specifierperson or entity responsible for specifyingthe performance requirements of a playground surface. (Forexample an architect, or the prospective purchaser, owner, oroperator of a playground.)3.2 Definitions of Terms Related to Impact Testing:3.2.1 accelerationthe rate of change of velocity
37、withtime, expressed in units of ft/s-2(m/s-2)3.2.2 drop heightheight from which the missile isdropped during an impact test, measured as the verticaldistance between the lowest point of the elevated missile andsurface under test.3.2.3 gthe acceleration due to earths gravity at sea level,having a sta
38、ndard value of 9.80665 m s-2. The standard valuemay be approximated as 32.174 ft/s-2(9.807 m/s-2). Accelera-tions may be expressed in units of gs, where 1 g = theacceleration due to gravity.3.2.4 g-maxthe maximum acceleration of a missile duringan impact, expressed in g units.3.2.5 head injury crite
39、rion (HIC)a specific integral of theacceleration-time history of an impact, used to determinerelative risk of head injury. See Appendix X1.3.2.6 HIC intervalthe time interval within theacceleration-time history of an impact over which the HICintegral is evaluated.3.2.7 impactcontact caused by a movi
40、ng object (forexample, an impact test missile) striking another object (forexample, a surface) and during which one or both bodies aresubject to high accelerations.3.2.8 impact attenuationproperty of a playground surfacethat, through localized deformation or displacement, absorbsthe energy of an imp
41、act in a way that reduces the magnitudesof peak impact force and peak acceleration.3.2.9 impact testa procedure in which the impact attenu-ation of a playground surface or surfacing materials is deter-mined by measuring the acceleration of a missile dropped ontothe surface.3.2.9.1 free-fall impact t
42、estan impact test in which thetrajectory of the missile is not restrained by rails, wires, ormechanisms or structures of any type.3.2.9.2 guided impact testan impact test in which thetrajectory of the missile is restrained by rails, wires, or othermechanism or structure.3.2.9.3 impact test resultson
43、e or more measured or cal-culated values from one or more impact tests used to define theimpact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing mate-rials.3.2.10 impact test sitepoint on the surface of an installedplayground surface that is selected as the target of an impacttest.3.2.11 impact velo
44、citythe velocity (V0) of a falling body(for example, a missile) at the instant of impact.3.2.12 missilea rigid object of specified mass having ahemispherical surface of specified radius; used to impart animpact to a surface (see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Missile Reference Plane and AxesF12920433.2.13 missile r
45、eference planethe plane of the flat circularface of the hemispherical missile.3.2.14 performance criterionlimiting values of one ormore impact test results used to specify minimum impactattenuation performance.3.2.15 reference drop heighta specification of the theo-retical drop height of an impact t
46、est.3.2.16 reference MEP pada modular elastomer program-mer pad with consistent and known impact attenuation prop-erties that is used to verify proper functioning of the impact testequipment.3.2.17 reference temperaturea specification of the tem-perature conditioning of a surfacing materials on whic
47、h animpact test is performed.3.2.18 sample test pointpoint on the surface of a sampleselected as the target of an impact test.3.2.19 theoretical drop heightthe drop height (h) that,under standard conditions, would result in an impact velocityequal to a missiles measured impact velocity (V0). Thestan
48、dard conditions assume that friction and air resistance donot affect the acceleration of the missile and that the accelera-tion due to gravity is equal to the standard value of g at sealevel. In a free-fall impact test, the actual drop height willapproximate the theoretical drop height. In a guided
49、impacttest, the theoretical drop height will be less than the actual dropheight, due to the effects of friction in the guidance mechanism.3.3 Definitions of Terms Related to the Measurement ofAcceleration:3.3.1 accelerometera transducer for measuring accelera-tion.3.3.1.1 transducerthe first device in data channel, used toconvert a physical quantity to be measured into a secondquantity (such as an electrical voltage) which can be processedby the remainder of the channel.3.3.1.2 triaxial accelerometera transducer or combinationof transduc
