1、Designation: F1292 13 An American National StandardStandard Specification forImpact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the UseZone of Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSurveys by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPS
3、C)2and others haveshown that falls from playground equipment onto the underlying surface are a significant cause ofinjuries to children. Severe head injuries are the most frequently implicated cause of death inplayground equipment-related falls. Use of appropriate impact-attenuating surfacing materi
4、als in theuse zone of playground equipment can reduce the risk of fall-related injury. In particular, it is believedthat the risk of life-threatening head injuries is reduced when appropriate surfacing materials areinstalled.This specification specifies impact attenuation performance requirements fo
5、r playground surfacesand surfacing materials and provides a means of determining impact attenuation performance using atest method that simulates the impact of a childs head with the surface. The test method quantifiesimpact in terms of g-max and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores. G-max is the meas
6、ure of themaximum acceleration (shock) produced by an impact. The Head Injury Criterion or HIC score is anempirical measure of impact severity based on published research describing the relationship betweenthe magnitude and duration of impact accelerations and the risk of head trauma. The standard i
7、ncludesprocedures allowing surfacing materials to be performance-rated before installation and for installedsurfacing materials to be tested for conformance with the specification.The purpose of this specification is to reduce the frequency and severity of fall-related head injuriesto children by es
8、tablishing a uniform and reliable means of comparing and specifying the impactattenuation of playground surfaces. Its use will give designers, manufacturers, installers, prospectivepurchasers, owners, and operators of playgrounds a means of objectively assessing the performanceof surfacing materials
9、 under and around playground equipment and hence of evaluating the associatedinjury risk.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes minimum performancerequirements for the impact attenuation of playground surfac-ing materials installed within the use zone of playgroundequipment.1.2 This specificatio
10、n is specific to surfacing used in con-junction with playground equipment, such as that described inSpecifications F1148, F1487, F1918, F1951, and F2075.1.3 This specification establishes an impact attenuationperformance criterion for playground surfacing materials; ex-pressed as a critical fall hei
11、ght.1.4 This specification establishes procedures for determin-ing the critical fall height of playground surfacing materialsunder laboratory conditions. The laboratory test is mandatoryfor surfaces to conform to the requirements of this specifica-tion.1.5 The laboratory test required by this specif
12、ication ad-dresses the performance of dry surfacing materials.1.6 The critical fall height of a playground surfacing mate-rial determined under laboratory conditions does not accountfor important factors that have the potential to influence theactual performance of installed surfacing materials. Fac
13、torsthat are known to affect surfacing material performance includebut are not limited to aging, moisture, maintenance, exposureto temperature extremes (for example, freezing), exposure to1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Fa
14、cilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1292 09. DOI:10.1520/F1292-13.2U.S. CPSC Special Study. Injuries and
15、Deaths Associated with ChildrensPlayground Equipment, April 2001. US Consumer Product Safety Commission,Washington DC.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ultraviolet light, contamination with other materials,compaction, lo
16、ss of thickness, shrinkage, submersion in water,and so forth.1.7 This specification also establishes a procedure for test-ing installed playground surfaces in order to determine whetheran installed playground surface meets the specified perfor-mance criterion.1.8 The results of a field test determin
17、e conformance ofinstalled playground surfacing materials with the criterion ofthis specification and are specific to the ambient conditionsunder which the test was performed.1.9 The impact attenuation specification and test methodsestablished in this specification are specific to the risk of headinj
18、ury. There is only limited evidence that conformance withthe requirements of this specification reduces the risk of otherkinds of serious injury (for example, long bone fractures).NOTE 1The relative risk of fatality and of different degrees of headinjury may be estimated using the information in App
19、endix X1, whichshows the relationships between the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores ofan impact and the probability of head injury.1.10 This specification relates only to the impact attenuationproperties of playground surfacing materials and does notaddress other factors that contribute to fall-re
20、lated injuries.While it is believed that conformance with the requirements ofthis specification will reduce the risk of serious injury anddeath from falls, adherence to this specification will notprevent all injuries and deaths.1.11 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re-garded as standa
21、rd. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this sta
22、ndard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF355 Test Method for ImpactA
23、ttenuation of Playing SurfaceSystems and MaterialsF429 Test Method for Shock-Attenuation Characteristics ofProtective Headgear for FootballF1148 Consumer Safety Performance Specification forHome Playground EquipmentF1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Play-ground Equipment for Public
24、UseF1918 Safety Performance Specification for Soft ContainedPlay EquipmentF1951 Specification for Determination of Accessibility ofSurface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-mentF2075 Specification for Engineered Wood Fiber for Use as aPlayground Safety Surface Under andAround PlaygroundEquip
25、ment2.2 SAE Standard:SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation forImpact Tests42.3 Federal Documents:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Publication325, Handbook for Public Playground SafetyU.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Special Study:Injuries and Deaths Associated with Childr
26、ens Play-ground Equipment. April 20023. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Related to Playground Installa-tions:3.1.1 critical fall height (CFH)a measure of the impactattenuation performance of a playground surface or surfacingmaterials; defined as the highest theoretical drop height fromwhich a su
27、rface meets the impact attenuation performancecriterion specified by this specification. The critical fall heightapproximates the maximum fall height from which a life-threatening head injury would not be expected to occur.3.1.2 designated play surfaceany elevated surface forstanding, walking, sitti
28、ng, or climbing, or a flat surface largerthan 2.0 in. (51 mm) wide by 2.0 in. (51 mm) long having lessthan 30 angle from horizontal.3.1.3 fall heightthe vertical distance between a designatedplay surface and the playground surface beneath it.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFall heights for specific types of plays
29、tructure are defined in Specifications F1148, F1487, andF1918.3.1.4 playground equipmentany fixed physical structureinstalled in a designated play area that is accessible to childrenfor activities such as climbing, swinging, sliding, rocking,spinning, crawling, creeping, or combinations thereof.3.1.
30、5 playground surfacea manufactured or natural mate-rial used to cover the ground below playground equipment,including foundations, substrates, and any compliant surfacingmaterials intended to attenuate impact.3.1.6 play structurea free-standing structure with one ormore components and their supporti
31、ng members.3.1.7 public use playground equipmenta play structureanchored to the ground or not intended to be moved, for use inplay areas of schools, parks, child-care facilities, institutions,multiple-family dwellings, private resorts and recreationdevelopments, restaurants, and other areas of publi
32、c use.3.1.8 surfacing materialsmaterials used to cover the sur-face of the playground use zone.3.1.8.1 loose-fill surfacea compliant top layer of small,independently, movable components; for example, wood fiber,3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cust
33、omer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.F1292 132bark mulch, wood chips, shredded foam,
34、shredded rubber,sand, gravel, and so forth.3.1.8.2 aggregate surfacea loose fill surface in which thecompliant top layer is made of particulate materials (forexample, sand, gravel, crushed marble, slag, cinders, calcinedmaterials).3.1.8.3 unitary surfacea compliant top layer of one ormore material c
35、omponents bound together to form a continu-ous surface; for example, urethane and rubber composites,moulded foam, moulded rubber mats.3.1.9 use zonethe area beneath and immediately adjacentto a play structure or playground equipment that is designatedfor unrestricted circulation around the equipment
36、 and on whosesurface it is predicted that a user would land when falling fromor exiting the equipment.3.1.10 specifierperson or entity responsible for specifyingthe performance requirements of a playground surface. (Forexample an architect, or the prospective purchaser, owner, oroperator of a playgr
37、ound.)3.2 Definitions of Terms Related to Impact Testing:3.2.1 accelerationthe rate of change of velocity with time,expressed in units of ft/s-2(m/s-2)3.2.2 drop heightheight from which the missile is droppedduring an impact test, measured as the vertical distancebetween the lowest point of the elev
38、ated missile and surfaceunder test.3.2.3 gthe acceleration due to earths gravity at sea level,having a standard value of 9.80665 m s-2. The standard valuemay be approximated as 32.174 ft/s-2(9.807 m/s-2). Accelera-tions may be expressed in units of gs, where 1 g = theacceleration due to gravity.3.2.
39、4 g-maxthe maximum acceleration of a missile duringan impact, expressed in g units.3.2.5 head injury criterion (HIC)a specific integral of theacceleration-time history of an impact, used to determinerelative risk of head injury. See Appendix X1.3.2.6 HIC intervalthe time interval within theaccelerat
40、ion-time history of an impact over which the HICintegral is evaluated.3.2.7 impactcontact caused by a moving object (forexample, an impact test missile) striking another object (forexample, a surface) and during which one or both bodies aresubject to high accelerations.3.2.8 impact attenuationproper
41、ty of a playground surfacethat, through localized deformation or displacement, absorbsthe energy of an impact in a way that reduces the magnitudesof peak impact force and peak acceleration.3.2.9 impact testa procedure in which the impact attenu-ation of a playground surface or surfacing materials is
42、 deter-mined by measuring the acceleration of a missile dropped ontothe surface.3.2.9.1 free-fall impact testan impact test in which thetrajectory of the missile is not restrained by rails, wires, ormechanisms or structures of any type.3.2.9.2 guided impact testan impact test in which thetrajectory
43、of the missile is restrained by rails, wires, or othermechanism or structure.3.2.9.3 impact test resultsone or more measured or calcu-lated values from one or more impact tests used to define theimpact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing mate-rials.3.2.10 impact test sitepoint on the su
44、rface of an installedplayground surface that is selected as the target of an impacttest.3.2.11 impact velocitythe velocity (V0) of a falling body(for example, a missile) at the instant of impact.3.2.12 missilea rigid object of specified mass having ahemispherical surface of specified radius; used to
45、 impart animpact to a surface (see Fig. 1).3.2.13 missile reference planethe plane of the flat circularface of the hemispherical missile.3.2.14 performance criterionlimiting values of one ormore impact test results used to specify minimum impactattenuation performance.3.2.15 reference drop heighta s
46、pecification of the theoreti-cal drop height of an impact test.3.2.16 reference MEP pada modular elastomer program-mer pad with consistent and known impact attenuation prop-erties that is used to verify proper functioning of the impact testequipment.3.2.17 reference temperaturea specification of the
47、 tem-perature conditioning of a surfacing materials on which animpact test is performed.3.2.18 sample test pointpoint on the surface of a sampleselected as the target of an impact test.3.2.19 theoretical drop heightthe drop height (h) that,under standard conditions, would result in an impact velocit
48、yequal to a missiles measured impact velocity (V0). Thestandard conditions assume that friction and air resistance donot affect the acceleration of the missile and that the accelera-tion due to gravity is equal to the standard value of g at sealevel. In a free-fall impact test, the actual drop heigh
49、t willapproximate the theoretical drop height. In a guided impacttest, the theoretical drop height will be less than the actual dropheight, due to the effects of friction in the guidance mechanism.3.3 Definitions of Terms Related to the Measurement ofAcceleration:3.3.1 accelerometera transducer for measuring accelera-tion.3.3.1.1 transducerthe first device in data channel, used toconvert a physical quantity to be measured into a secondquantity (such as an electrical voltage) which can be processedby the remainder of the channel.3.3.1.2 t
