1、Designation: F 1461 07Standard Practice forChemical Protective Clothing Program1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1461; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended to promote the proper selec-tion, use, maintenance, and understanding of the limitations ofchemical protective clothing (C
3、PC) by users, employers, em-ployees, and other persons involved in programs requiringCPC, thereby limiting potentially harmful and unnecessaryskin exposures.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
4、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 739 Test Method for Resistance of Protective ClothingMaterials to Permeation by Liquids or Gases Under Con-dition
5、s of Continuous ContactF 903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF 1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Pro-tective Clothing MaterialsF 1052 Test Method for Pressure Testing Vapor ProtectiveEnsemblesF 1154 Practices for Qualitative
6、ly Evaluating the Comfort,Fit, Function, and Integrity of Chemical-Protective SuitEnsemblesF 1194 Guide for Documenting the Results of ChemicalPermeation Testing of Materials Used in Protective Cloth-ing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 analytical detection limit
7、, na number, expressed inunits of concentration (or amount), that describes the lowestconcentration level (or amount) that an analyst can determineto be different from an analytical blank (background level).3.1.2 biological monitoring, nthe chemical analysis ofchemicals or metabolites, or both, from
8、 a workers blood,urine, fingernails, sweat, breath, and so forth.3.1.3 buddy system, na means of organizing employeework groups whereby each participant is matched with anotherso that prompt assistance can be rendered in the case of anyemergency.3.1.4 chemical protective clothing (CPC), nany materia
9、lor combination of materials used in an item of clothing or thepurpose of isolating parts of the body from direct contact witha potentially hazardous chemical.3.1.5 decontamination, nremoval or neutralization of acontaminant(s) from the protective clothing to the extentnecessary to safely permit the
10、 protective clothing to be doffed(taken off), or reused, or disposed of.3.1.6 elastomer, na term often used for rubber and poly-mers that have properties similar to rubber.3.1.7 fabric, na planar structure consisting of yarns orfibers.3.1.7.1 DiscussionUnlike a polymer sheet, a fabric isnormally sub
11、ject to penetration by gases and liquids.3.1.8 Ficks laws of diffusion, nmathematical descriptionsof the movement of one type of molecule through another.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Su
12、bcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F 1461 - 93 (2005)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast
13、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.8.1 DiscussionDiffusion is not due to holes or pores inCP
14、C.3.1.9 hazard assessment, nthe determination of the lackof safety or degree of risk based on all integral parts of anexposure situation, including the characteristics of the chemi-cal(s) to which one is exposed and the conditions that deter-mine degree of exposure.3.1.10 industrial hygienist, na pe
15、rson who, by experienceand academic training, is qualified to recognize, evaluate, andcontrol chemical, physical, and biological agents in the work-place, or a person certified by theAmerican Board of IndustrialHygiene.3.1.11 occlusion, nthe physical process of covering achemical that has been appli
16、ed to or spilled on the skin, therebydisallowing its evaporation and generally increasing its absorp-tion through the skin.3.1.12 physical-chemical parameters, nvalues for physi-cal or chemical properties of a permeant or polymer, or both,such as solubility parameters, molecular weight, vapor pres-s
17、ure, and so forth.3.1.13 plastic, na material that contains, as an essentialingredient, one or more organic polymeric substances of largemolecular weight, is solid in its finished state, and, at somestage in its manufacture of processing into finished articles, canbe shaped by flow.3.1.14 polymer, n
18、a substance consisting of moleculescharacterized by repetition (neglecting ends, branches, junc-tions, and other minor irregularities) of one or more chemicallybonded types of monomeric units.3.1.15 polymer sheet, na continuous polymeric planarstructure.3.1.15.1 DiscussionIt is not normally subject
19、to penetra-tion by gases or liquids.3.1.16 program, na documented policy with proceduresfor selection and use of CPC.3.1.17 program administrator, na person responsible forthe formulation and implementation of a CPC program.3.1.18 program authority, na person responsible for en-forcing the requireme
20、nts of a CPC program.3.1.19 toxicity, nthe propensity of a substance to produceadverse biochemical or physiological effects.3.1.19.1 DiscussionSuch effects are termed toxic effects,as used in this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice presents those elements that constitute achemical pro
21、tective clothing (CPC) program and conditions tobe used in establishing a program for the selection and use ofCPC.Adherence to this practice requires that a written programbe developed for any use of CPC.4.2 Although much remains to be determined regarding thetoxicity of vapor and liquid exposure to
22、 the skin, this practiceoutlines the essential information necessary and suggestedmethods for hazard assessment prior to the selection of CPC(see Practice F 1154).4.3 This practice does not address the various methods fortesting CPC or obtaining the data upon which CPC assessmentsare made. These tes
23、t methods are listed in Section 2 of thispractice.4.4 This practice does not include recommendations thatmay apply to personal protection from nuclear radiation,radioactive contamination, or microbiological organisms, or toclothing that is worn to protect a particular environment fromthe entry of ch
24、emicals, particles, or living matter that may arisefrom the wearer.4.5 CPC should be used when other means of control are notavailable. Its major uses should be limited to the following:4.5.1 Maintenance operations;4.5.2 Upset or emergency conditions;4.5.3 Use in lieu of engineering controls when th
25、ey are notfeasible or are being installed;4.5.4 Supplementing feasible engineering controls whenthey fail to control the hazard completely; and4.5.5 Use in the event that engineering controls fail.4.6 Engineering controls and substitution of materialsshould be stressed as the first line of defense i
26、n all controlsituations since effective use of CPC depends on workercompliance, proper selection, quality control, and other vari-ables that may prove to be weak links in an overall controlprocess.5. Minimum Program Requirements and Objectives5.1 The primary objective shall be to minimize employeeex
27、posures. This objective should be accomplished to the extentfeasible by accepted engineering control measures. Theseinclude enclosure or confinement of the operation, isolation ofthe worker from the operation, substitution of less toxicmaterials, and modification of work practices. When thesecontrol
28、s are not feasible, or while they are being implementedor evaluated, appropriate CPC shall be used pursuant to therequirements in this practice and regulatory requirements,where applicable.5.2 Program Administration and Responsibility:5.2.1 Responsibility and authority for implementing theCPC progra
29、m shall be assigned to a single person. This personwill normally be a plant manager, supervisor, or other personwith line supervisory authority. This person is called theprogram authority.5.2.2 Normally, a second person shall have responsibilityfor preparing the written program. This person is calle
30、d theprogram administrator. His duties also include maintaining andupdating standard procedures and the CPC written program,based on changes in CPC technology and knowledge; main-taining records; auditing and evaluating the program; directing,interacting with, or supervising those who dispense CPC a
31、t theworksite and those who train workers in the use of CPC; andestablishing procedures for the purchase of CPC. The programadministrator will usually have staff responsibilities. Theprogram administrator shall have knowledge of CPC sufficientto supervise the CPC program properly. (Where possible, t
32、headministrator of a CPC program should also be the adminis-trator of the respiratory protection program, if one exists, inorder to improve coordination.)5.3 Written ProgramsThe CPC program shall be estab-lished and detailed in a written document.5.4 CPC SelectionThe selection of the CPC article sha
33、llbe based on consideration of the following:F 1461 0725.4.1 Exposure situation (vapor, pressured splash, liquidsplash, intermittent liquid contact, and continuous liquid con-tact);5.4.2 Toxicity and amount of the chemical(s) (that is, bestknowledge or the estimate of ability to permeate the skin an
34、dof systemic toxicity);5.4.3 Physical properties of the contaminant chemicals (forexample, vapor pressure, molecular weight, and polarity);5.4.4 Functional requirements of the task (for example,dexterity, thermal protection, fire protection, and mechanicaldurability requirements); and5.4.5 Propertie
35、s of the CPC that are relevant to the physicaland chemical hazards and functional requirements of the task.These properties are determined through appropriate testingtechniques and include permeation resistance, degradationresistance, penetration resistance, (see Test Method F 903)dexterity, resista
36、nce to tear, and so forth, as applicable. (SeeTest Method F 739, Guide F 1001, and Practice F 1052.)5.5 The selection procedure shall be documented. Mini-mally, the selection process should consider degradation,penetration, and permeation resistance of the CPC. Degrada-tion could result in an advers
37、e loss of integrity and chemicalresistance properties. Penetration could result in direct skincontact by an agent from bulk flow through seams, pinholes,and so forth. Permeation can result in skin contact by an agentwithout any outward signs of either penetration or degradationsince molecular flow o
38、f the contaminant through the protectivearticle is occurring.5.6 TrainingEach CPC user shall be given training thatshall include explanation and discussion of the toxicity of thecontaminants for which CPC is being used; symptoms thatindicate an overexposure has occurred; nature of the perme-ations,
39、penetration, and degradation; limitations of CPC use;how to use CPC; importance of proper storage, maintenance,inspection, and decontamination, where applicable; and dis-posal of CPC.5.7 CPC UseThe employer shall not use CPC in violationof the written program or the manufacturers instructions.When u
40、sing CPC, the employer shall consider specialemergency-use precautions. The buddy system shall be used inconjunction with emergency-use CPC.5.8 Maintenance and StorageMaintenance and inspectionshall be conducted on a schedule that ensures that each piece ofCPC delivers the protection for which it wa
41、s selected. Mini-mally, each piece of CPC shall be inspected by the wearer priorto its use to ensure its integrity. CPC should not be foldedduring storage, if possible, and it should be stored in segre-gated, well-ventilated areas that have low light intensity andare free from exposures to ozone, hi
42、gh relative humidity, andcontaminants that may degrade the CPC over long periods oftime.5.9 DecontaminationWhere CPC costs or other consider-ations warrant decontamination or reuse, or both, of CPC,methods for decontamination shall be chosen carefully. Proce-dures for decontamination and reuse shall
43、 be documented.5.10 Field Evaluation and Biological MonitoringThe useof methods to estimate actual exposures in the field or estimatedoses from biological samples are appropriate when the choiceof CPC has uncertainty or when estimates of total doses toemployees are necessary. The latter is particula
44、rly importantfor low vapor pressure organic chemicals that are absorbedthrough the skin readily.5.11 PurchasingThe purchase of CPC shall be coordi-nated carefully with the selection and use of CPC. Failure tomonitor and control the purchase of CPC could result inimproper CPC use, leading to worker e
45、xposure. The purchas-ers action shall be dependent on the requirements from theprogram administrator. Without clear CPC specification, thelowest price usually dictates purchase.5.12 Considerations of Medical and Human FactorsThepossible physiological and psychological effects caused bywearing CPC sh
46、all be considered. These effects, which includeheat stress and claustrophobic reactions, may be particularlyevident when TECP suits are worn. CPC selection is a balancebetween protection from chemical hazards and performance,physiological, and psychological burdens. Chemical protectionshould not be
47、compromised, nor should the worker be unnec-essarily burdened.5.13 AuditingCPC programs shall be audited periodicallyin order to ensure that all components are functioning asdescribed in the written program. Methods for auditing theprogram shall be well described, including the ways and meansfor cor
48、recting defects in the program.6. Program Administration and Responsibilities6.1 Employer ResponsibilityEmployer responsibility isvested in the program authority. The employer shall beresponsible for providing CPC to employees when it isnecessary and enforcing its proper use. All CPC shall beselecte
49、d by the employer using the latest information availableto him. The employer shall establish and maintain a CPCprogram that shall include the minimum requirements of thispractice as outlined in Section 5 and supported, where appro-priate, by Sections 6 through 16 and the Appendixes.6.2 Employee ResponsibilityEmployees have the respon-sibility and duty to use all CPC that is provided to them inaccordance with the instructions and the training that they havereceived. All CPC shall be treated with respect and inspectedand maintained in accordance wit
