1、Designation: F 1600 95a (Reapproved 2007)Standard TerminologyRelating to Bioremediation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1600; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines the terminology used in testmethods, specifications, guides, and practices related to biore-mediation technology.1.
3、2 These definitions are written to ensure that standardsrelated to bioremediation technology are understood and inter-preted properly.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 873 Guide for Incinerating Oil Spill Wastes at TemporaryField LocationsF 1481 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the
4、 Use ofBioremediation in Oil Spill ResponseSand and GravelBeaches3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aerobesorganisms that require air or free oxygen for growth.F 1481anaerobesorganisms that grow in the absence of air oroxygen and do not use molecular oxygen in respiration.F 1481arcticthe biogeographic re
5、alm that comprises the tundra andtreeless grounds lying north of the timberline in the Northernhemisphere or south of the timberline in the Southernhemisphere.bioaugmentationthe addition of microorganisms (predomi-nantly bacteria) to increase the biodegradation rate of targetpollutants. F 1481biodeg
6、radationthe chemical alteration and breakdown of asubstance, usually to smaller products caused by microor-ganisms or their enzymes. F 1481bioremediationthe enhancement of biodegradation.bioremediation agentsinorganic and organic compoundsand microorganisms that enhance biological degradationprocess
7、es, predominantly microbial. F 1481biostimulationthe addition of microbial nutrients, oxygen,heat, or water, or some combination thereof, to enhance therate of biodegradation of target pollutants by indigenousspecies (predominantly bacteria and fungi).buffera solution of partially ionized acids or b
8、ases capableof reducing pH changes in the presence of added alkalis oracids.carcinogencancer-causing agent.culturecontrolled inoculation, growth, and harvesting ofknown microorganisms.decomposersmicroorganisms, predominantly bacteria andfungi, that convert complex organic matter into simplerorganic
9、and inorganic molecules.disinfectantsphysical and chemical agents used for inacti-vating or destroying microorganisms.ecosystemorganisms and the surrounding environment com-bined in a community that is self-supporting. F 1481effluentthe liquid discharge from a process.end productthe chemical compoun
10、d resulting from a par-ticular metabolic process.enrichment culturea liquid culture that enhances thegrowth of a given type of organism.landfilla land disposal technique that uses excavated pits tocontain the oil spill waste material. The waste is placed inthe excavation, covered over, and left to d
11、egrade. F 873leachatethe liquid residue from the migration of environ-mental pollutants mediated by surface or ground water.marinerelating to the ocean. F 1481mediumthe material that supports the growth and reproduc-tion of microorganisms.mesophilean organism with an optimum growth temperaturerange
12、of 20 to 45C.metabolic pathwaythe sequence of biochemical reactionsthat allows conversion for carbon or energy assimilation.microbesmicroscopic organisms, including algae, bacteria,fungi, protozoa, and viruses.mineralizationthe microbial-mediated breakdown of or-ganic materials into inorganic materi
13、als.mutagena substance that increases the normal mutation rate.nutrienta substance that supports organismal growth.F 14811This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.24 on Bioremedi
14、ation.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1600 95a (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMS
15、tandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.pathogensorganisms that are capable of causing disease.petri platea dish designed to contain
16、 solid growth medias.plasmidsindependently-replicating extrachromosomal ge-netic material.recalcitranta substance that is resistant to microbial degra-dation.terrestrialconsisting of land, as distinguished from water.toxicitythe property of a material, or combination of mate-rials, to adversely affe
17、ct organisms.tropicalthe region lying between the tropics of Cancer andCapricorn.tundrathe vast, treeless, nearly level plains of the arcticregions.viabilitythe ability to grow and reproduce.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with
18、 any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible techni
19、cal committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideratio
20、n at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
21、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 1600 95a (2007)2
