1、Designation: F1780 97 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Guide forEstimating Oil Spill Recovery System Effectiveness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the key factors to consider in estimat-ing the effectiveness of containment and recovery systems thatmay
3、 be used to assist in the control of oil spills on water.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user withinformation on assessing the effective use of spill-cleanupequipment. It is intended for use by those involved in planningfor and responding to oil spills.1.3 Sections of this guide desc
4、ribe calculation proceduresfor estimating recovery system effectiveness. It should beunderstood that any such calculations cannot be expected topredict system performance, but are intended to provide acommon basis for comparing system performance.1.4 One of the main reasons that the calculation proc
5、edurescannot be used to predict system performance is that theanalysis is sensitive to assumptions made on the properties ofthe oil slick, and particularly the changes in slick thickness andemulsification. It is emphasized that the purpose of this guideis not to provide a standard method for estimat
6、ing slickproperty changes, but rather to provide a standard guide forusing that information in comparing system performance.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F625 Prac
7、tice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Con-trol SystemsF631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inControlled EnvironmentsF808 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inUncontrolled Environments3F1523 Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordance WithWater Body Classifications3. Ter
8、minology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 advancing skimmer, na skimmer that is designed tobe used to sweep out the spill area.3.1.1.1 Discussionhe skimmer may be independent ormay be attached to containment boom to increase sweep width.In some cases, the skimmer may not be attached to the boombut is positioned
9、 in the pocket of the boom for skimming. Aslong as the skimmer operates while moving, it is considered tobe an advancing skimmer. Some skimmers are used in both anadvancing and stationary mode. These are classified accordingto their application.3.1.2 contained spills, na spill that is restricted fro
10、mspreading by containment boom or natural means.3.1.3 oil slick encounter rate, nthe volume of oil slick perunit time actively encountered by the oil spill recovery system,and therefore available for containment and recovery (m3/h).3.1.4 oil spill recovery system, na combination of devicesthat opera
11、te together to recover spilled oil; the system wouldinclude some or all of the following components: (1) contain-ment boom, (2) skimmer, (3) support vessels to deploy andoperate the boom and skimmer, (4) discharge/transfer pumps,(5) oil/water separator, (6) temporary storage devices, and (7)shore ba
12、sed storage/disposal.3.1.5 recovery system effectiveness, nthe volume of oilthat is removed from the environment by a given recoverysystem in a given recovery period.3.1.6 recovery period, nthe time available for recoverysystems to carry out cleanup operations.3.1.7 response time, nthe time interval
13、 between the spillincident and the start of cleanup operations.3.1.8 stationary skimmer, na skimmer that is intended tobe used in a fixed location and is moved to new accumulationsof oil as skimming progresses.3.1.8.1 DiscussionSome stationary skimmers are used ina containment boom system that moves
14、 to collect oil, then1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous editi
15、on approved in 2002 as F1780 97 (2002). DOI:10.1520/F1780-97R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websi
16、te.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.pauses to permit the skimmer to recover the oil collected. Eventhough this system moves periodically, the skimmer is stillranked as a stationary skimmer because it operate
17、s when thesystem is at rest.3.1.9 uncontained spill, na spill that continues to spreadafter the recovery effort begins.4. Summary of Guide4.1 In evaluating the effectiveness of containment andrecovery systems used in response to oil spills, many factorsneed to be considered of which skimmer performa
18、nce is butone. The objective of this guide is to describe a range of factorsthat must be considered in estimating recovery system effec-tiveness.4.2 In order to evaluate a recovery system, there are twogeneral types of information required, a set of information todescribe the spill scenario against
19、which the system will bemeasured, and a set of information to describe the performancecharacteristics of the recovery system.4.3 Information on the spill is required to adequately definethe problem and thereby provide a focus for the evaluationprocess. The spill should be defined in sufficient detai
20、l as toallow an unambiguous interpretation of its behavior in terms ofthe operating parameters of the countermeasures system. Forcertain purposes it may be desirable to develop a set ofstandard spill scenarios against which response system effec-tiveness would be measured in a quantifiable manner.4.
21、4 The performance characteristics must be identified forthe recovery system and its various components. In general, theinformation requirements will include the rates or capacities, orboth, the operating limitations, and the support requirements.4.5 This guide covers equipment-related factors that w
22、illaffect recovery-system effectiveness. Additional important fac-tors that are not covered in this guide but should be consideredas being critical to the success of a spill response include:contingency planning; communications plans; government ap-provals; logistics of supporting manpower and equip
23、ment inthe field; and training and exercising of manpower.5. Spill-related Information5.1 Spill Type:5.1.1 Response strategies will depend to some extent on thetype of spill. The spill scenario should be defined as to whetherit is an instantaneous or continuous release, whether or not thespill has c
24、eased flowing, and whether the spill is contained oruncontained.5.2 Oil Slick PropertiesThe following oil slick propertiesmust be specified for the spill scenario. As some of theseproperties may vary with time, it may be desirable to usecomputer-based behavior models to produce spill propertyinforma
25、tion for the time period of interest. For certain appli-cations it may be useful to produce standard sets of spillproperty information that describe spills of interest as afunction of time.5.2.1 Spill VolumeThe total volume of oil spilled shouldbe specified (m3). For spills that have not ceased, a s
26、pill rate(m3/h) should also be specified.5.2.2 Spill AreaThe total spill area must be estimated inorder to calculate estimates of slick thickness. For uncontainedspills, the total spill area will increase over time; estimates canbe made using computer-based behavior models. Alternatively,a simplifie
27、d spreading model (Fig. 1: example spreadingcurves) can be used for first-order estimates.5.2.3 Slick ThicknessSlick thickness is used in subsequentcalculations of system encounter rate. Slick thickness is de-fined as the overall average thickness of the slick, and isestimated by dividing the spill
28、volume by the total spill area atany given time. For this calculation, spill volume should takeinto account losses from the slick due to evaporation andnatural dispersion, and increases to the slick volume due toemulsification. For uncontained spills, natural spreading forceswill cause the slick thi
29、ckness to decline steadily duringrecovery operations, and may result in a discontinuous slickcomposed of windows and patches separated by sheen or openwater, or both. These factors should be considered in estimat-ing an overall average slick thickness.5.2.4 Slick ViscosityThe viscosity of the spille
30、d product isused as a criteria to evaluate skimmer performance, as manyskimming and pumping units will perform less effectively asviscosity increases. The viscosity of the spilled product willgenerally increase through the recovery period as the oil issubjected to weathering and emulsification proce
31、sses. Theviscosity should be specified as mm2/s (cSt).5.2.5 EmulsificationEmulsification is important as a spillprocess not only for its effect on oil viscosity but also becausean emulsified oil represents a greater total volume of spillproduct that must be handled by skimming and pumpingsystems. Ma
32、ny crude oils and refined products will tend toemulsify over the life of the spill depending on the propertiesof the oil and the level of wave energy in the spill environment.The degree of emulsification should be specified as theemulsified water content expressed as a percentage.5.2.5.1 It is recog
33、nized that emulsification rates for oilspilled in the marine environment will vary greatly dependingon the oil properties, spill size, sea conditions, and temperature.As noted in 1.4, it is not the intent of this guide to providestandard rates of emulsification for a variety of oil products andenvir
34、onmental conditions. For the purposes of comparingsystem performance, the data in Table 1 is provided as anexample of emulsification data for crude oil over a period ofFIG. 1 Total Slick Area versus TimeF1780 97 (2010)2several days. Users of this guide are encouraged to usealternative data that suit
35、s their particular oils and environmen-tal conditions.5.3 Spill Environment:5.3.1 TemperatureWater temperature is important as aparameter for estimating oil slick properties as well as the rateof change of those properties due to weathering and emulsifi-cation. (It is assumed that the temperature of
36、 the oil slick is thesame as the water on which the oil is floating.) Watertemperature is defined as the temperature of the upper surfacelayer and should be specified as C.5.3.1.1 Air temperature may be important as a parameter formodifying or limiting the performance of skimming andpumping equipmen
37、t, and should be specified as C.5.3.2 Wind/WavesThe wind and wave environment isimportant to the analysis for two reasons; first, as a parameterin estimating the behavior changes of the oil slick, and second,as a limiting factor for recovery operations. For the firstpurpose, average wind speeds (km/
38、h) should be specified. Forthe purpose of establishing criteria for limiting recoveryoperations, exceedance statistics (significant wave height)should be specified for the spill location. Exceedance criteriashould be expressed as the percentage of time that conditionswill allow recovery operations w
39、ith reference to the equipmentselected for the response and the environmental criteria listedin Practice F625. For example, for spills in open water, waveexceedance data should be specified as the percentage of timethat waves are less than or equal to 2 m, which would representthe percentage of time
40、 that equipment specified for open wateruse would be applicable.5.3.3 CurrentThe presence of water currents may influ-ence the selection of response strategies for a spill scenario,and may lead to a reduction in containment effectiveness incertain applications. The water currents, in m/s, should bes
41、pecified for a given environment, with due regard to any localvariations.5.3.4 VisibilityDue to concerns with worker safety in poorvisibility, as well as the inefficiencies related to the monitoring,tracking, and containment of oil slicks during periods of poorvisibility, it is assumed in general th
42、at recovery operations areonly possible when there is daylight and visibility of greaterthan 500 m (0.25 n.miles). Both of these factors should beexpressed as the percentage of time that conditions exist thatwould allow effective operations.5.3.4.1 It may be possible to effectively operate duringper
43、iods of darkness and poor visibility if the recovery systemincludes adequate lighting equipment, remote sensing systemsfor assisting monitoring and containment efforts, or highlyaccurate navigation systems, or combination thereof. This maybe particularly applicable to spills in nearshore and protect
44、edwaters. In such cases a more liberal criteria for visibilitylimitations could be specified.5.3.5 Summary of Environmental Applicability FactorsThe wave exceedance, daylight, and visibility factors can becombined to produce an overall applicability factor that wouldrepresent the percentage of time
45、that a given recovery systemcould be effectively used for a given spill scenario. Forexample, for an environment that has waves less than 2 m for80 % of the time, receives 14 h of daylight, and has visibilitygreater than 500 m for 95 % of the time (note: all figuresshould be specified for the time o
46、f year of interest), theenvironmental applicability would be estimated as:(0.80) 3 (14/24) 3 (0.95) = 44 %.5.4 Spill Location:5.4.1 Spill location should be specified with respect todistance of response bases, in order to estimate transit times forthe recovery systems, and with respect to shoreline,
47、 in order toestimate the time available to respond prior to shoreline oiling.Spill location may also be of importance when evaluatingrecovery systems that include the shuttling of recovered oilbetween the recovery site and temporary storage locations, inwhich case transit times may have to be deduct
48、ed from theon-site availability of storage systems.6. Recovery System Information6.1 Containment System Operating Factors:6.1.1 Encounter RateThe encounter rate of the recoverysystem is a prime consideration in evaluating performance. Theencounter rate is simply the rate (m3/h) at which the systemen
49、counters the oil slick. The encounter rate includes threecomponents: sweep width, encounter speed, and oil slickthickness.6.1.1.1 The sweep width (or swath) is the width interceptedby a boom in collection mode, and is calculated by multiplyingthe boom length by the gap ratio. Where the gap ratio is notspecified, a value of13 should be used.6.1.1.2 The encounter speed is the tow or current speedrelative to the containment system. If not specified, a maximumencounter speed of 0.5 m/s (1 knot) should be used.6.1.1.3 Encounter rate can be calculated as the prod
