1、Designation: F1789 14aF1789 15Standard Terminology forF16 Mechanical Fasteners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1789; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of definitions for terminology used for mechanical fasteners.1.2 Terms in this terminology are organiz
3、ed alphabetically. In Appendix X1 they are listed under fastener characteristic.1.3 Additional definitions are shown in ANSI/ASME B18.12; IFI Glossary of Terms, IFI-139 and IFI-140; and SAE J412.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsE456 Termino
4、logy Relating to Quality and StatisticsF432 Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and AccessoriesF2328 Test Method for Determining Decarburization and Carburization in Hardened and Tempered Threaded Steel Bolts,Screws, Studs, and NutsF2482 Specification for Load-Indicating Externally Threaded Fasten
5、ers2.2 ANSI/ASME Standard:3B18.12 Glossary of Terms for Mechanical Fasteners2.3 IFI Standards:4Glossary of Terms Relating to Aerospace FastenersIFI-139 Quality Assurance Requirements for Fastener Testing LaboratoriesIFI-140 Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners2.4 SAE
6、Standard:5SAE J412 General Characteristics and Heat Treatments of Steels2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:6ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity assessment - General requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessmentbodiesISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration l
7、aboratories3. TerminologyMechanical Fastener Definitionsacceptance numbernumerical value representing the maximum number of permissible non-conformances within a samplesubmitted for testing and acceptance of the population.accredited laboratoryan organization found to be operating in conformance wit
8、h the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 by anaccrediting body that has been found to be compliant to ISO/IEC 17011, and is recognized as a signatory to the InternationalLaboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
9、ommittee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.94 on Terminology.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014Feb. 1, 2015. Published November 2014May 2015. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asF1789 14.F1789 14a. DOI: 10.1520/F1789-14A.10.15
10、20/F1789-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Inst
11、itute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute, 6363 Oak Tree Blvd. Independence, OH 44131. http:/www.indfast.org5 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, h
12、ttp:/www.sae.org.6 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wha
13、t changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the
14、 official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1age hardenedprecipitation of constituents within certain alloy metals to increase mechanical properties.alloy groupmaterials grouped by their chemical designation and
15、considered to be functionally or chemically similar for generalpurpose use.alloy steelsteel is considered to be alloy when the maximum range given for manganese exceeds 1.65 % or a definite minimumquantity for any of the following elements is specified or required within the limits of the recognized
16、 field of constructional alloysteels: chromium, molybdenum, nickel, or any other alloying element added to obtain a desired alloying effect.alterto change fastener properties such as hardness, tensile strength, surface finish, length, or other characteristics of the fastenerthrough such processes as
17、 heat treatment, plating, and machining.alterationinsignificant alterationany change to the fastener from its purchased condition that results in no diminished or modifiedmechanical, metallurgical, or functional properties.significant alterationany change to the fastener from its as purchased condit
18、ion that results in modified mechanical,metallurgical, or functional properties.alteration distributordistributor of fasteners who alters a fastener prior to sale and assumes the full responsibilities of thealteration and its affected mechanical and performance characteristics.anchor boltsteel rod o
19、r bar, one end of which is intended to be cast in concrete while the opposite end is threaded and projectsfrom the concrete for anchoring other material to the concrete. The end cast in concrete may be either straight or provided withan anchor, such as a bent hook, forged head, or a tapped or welded
20、 attachment to resist forces imposed on the anchor bolt asrequired.annealinggeneral term applied to a variety of thermal treatments applied to fasteners for the purpose of softening orhomogenizing material properties. The specific types of annealing are:full annealingheating steel above the upper cr
21、itical transformation temperature, holding it there long enough to fully transformthe steel to austenite, and then cooling it at a controlled rate, in a furnace, to below a specified temperature.Afull anneal refinesgrain structure and provides a relatively soft, ductile material that is free of inte
22、rnal stresses.intercritical annealing/isothermal annealingheating a steel above the lower critical transformation temperature, but below theupper-critical transformation temperature, to dissolve all the iron carbides, but not transform all the ferrite to austenite. Coolingslowly from this temperatur
23、e, through the lower critical temperature, produces a structure of ferrite and pearlite that is free ofinternal stresses. In intercritical annealing, the steel continues to cool slowly in the furnace, similarly to full annealing. Inisothermal annealing, cooling is stopped just below the lower critic
24、al, assuring complete transformation to ferrite and coarsepearlite, and eliminating the potential for bainite formation. The coarse pearlite structure greatly improves machinability ofmedium carbon steels.normalizingvariation of full annealing in which steel is heated above the upper critical temper
25、ature and is then air cooled in air,rather than in a furnace. Normalizing relieves the internal stresses caused by previous working, and while it produces sufficientsoftness and ductility for many purposes, it leaves the steel harder and with a higher tensile strength than full annealing. Toremove c
26、ooling stresses, normalizing if often followed by tempering.process annealingsometimes called subcritical annealing or stress relieving, performed at temperatures just below the lowercritical temperature. Process annealing neither refines grains nor redissolves cementite, but does improve the ductil
27、ity anddecreases residual stress in work-hardened steel.solution annealingheating an austenitic stainless steel to a temperature that puts the carbides into solution. The steel is held atthis temperature long enough to achieve grain growth. It is then quenched in a medium for fast cooling, which pre
28、vents mostof the carbides from reprecipitating. The process achieves optimum creep strength.spheroidize annealingtype of subcritical annealing used to soften steel and improve machinability. Heat treating fine pearlite fora long time just below the lower critical temperature of the steel, followed b
29、y a very slow cooling, produces a spheroidal orglobular form of the pearlite.stabilization annealingheating an austenitic stainless steel used in severe aqueous corrosion environments by first solutionannealing and then reheating to about 1600F, and holding at that temperature.The treatment causes g
30、rain boundary precipitationof carbides, but also the hold time permits the chromium remaining in the austenite solution to redistribute within the grains,restoring corrosion resistance, even adjacent to the grain boundaries.applicable standardsthose having the capability of being applied in some fas
31、hion to the host standard.F1789 152arbitration hardness locationprescribed location on the fastener, such as at mid-radius, using 90 intervals taken through thecross section, one diameter from the threaded end for bolts and screws.assembly lotassembly lot may consist of a combination of different pr
32、oducts.As long as the products that make up the assemblyare in accordance with lot, the quantity of assemblies determine the sample size. Example: ten assemblies consisting of a bolt,nut, and a washer would have a lot size of ten if the bolts, nuts, and washers meet the criteria of lot. However, if
33、any of thecomponents in the assembly are not in accordance with lot then the ten assemblies will have to be separated into lots that meetall the requirements of lot.austenitic stainless alloyssteel alloys that contain a minimum of 15 % chromium and from a residual to 20 % nickel. Somealloys may cont
34、ain as much as 18 % manganese. The metal is predominantly face centered cubic in structure and hardenableonly by cold working. Essentially nonmagnetic in its wire form, it may become slightly magnetic from cold working.Austeniticstainless steels can be grouped into three categories: 300 series alloy
35、, Cr-Ni-Mn alloys, and Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti.austenitzing temperaturea general term often used to describe precise critical temperature (Ac3) above which ferrite, cementiteand other carbides transform completely into austenite during the heating of steel. TheAc3 critical temperature for a given steelvaries as
36、 a function of chemical composition and heating rate and is determined experimentally: empirical formulas have beendeveloped to show the effects of alloying elements on Ac3.average coating thicknessdetermined as either the value obtained by analytical methods or the mean value of a specifiednumber o
37、f local thickness measurements that are evenly distributed over the significant surface.average coating thickness on a specimenthe sum of the coating thickness measurements taken on a specimen divided by thenumber of measurements.baking durationtime measured from when the plated product reaches a sp
38、ecified temperature in the baking furnace or oven untilit is removed.barsolid rolled or forged section that is long in relationship to its cross-sectional dimensions with a relatively constantcross-section throughout its length. Carbon and alloy steel bars are produced from hot rolled or cast billet
39、s, or from blooms rolledsingle strand into coils.barrel-plating processfastener-coating process which employs a containment vessel called a barrel that is designed to move agiven batch of fasteners together through each of the process steps, allowing ready ingress and egress of processing solutionsa
40、nd rinses. As the barrel moves through the process steps, it is rotated or oscillated, causing the fasteners to cascade over oneanother, and in the electrocleaning and electroplating steps, and electric current is applied.batch average thicknesscalculated average thickness of a coating if it were un
41、iformly distributed on the surfaces of the items.batch lota quantity of identical fasteners of the same part number, taken from a production lot subjected as one batch to the samefastener manufacturing processes such as plating or heat treatment, etc.batch lot: zinc coating, hot dipa quality of fast
42、eners from the same manufacturing lot which are cleaned, pickled, fluxed, andgalvanized together at one time in a galvanizing basket.bend testvarious tests in which a fastener is bent through its axis or on a round mandrel to determine the toughness and ductilityof the fastener.bendable boltsbolts f
43、urnished with an altered section at some location at which the bolt will bend.beveled washera washer which is square or rectangular with a beveled one to six ratio surface for use with American Standardbeams and channels.bilateral specificationsspecifications that have both an upper and a lower valu
44、e.boltheaded and externally threaded fastener designed to be assembled with a nut.bolt load - elongation behaviorwhen tensile loaded, a bolt will elongate elastically until stressed beyond its proportional limitwhere it will behave plastically.bolt-nut-washer assemblya combination of bolt, nut, and
45、washer components from singular lots that have been assembled,lubricated as necessary, tested as required, and prepared for shipment to a customer creating a unique set and certifiable lot.break loose torquetorque applied in a removal direction necessary to start the fastener in motion from its full
46、y preloadedinstalled position.breakaway torquetorque necessary to start a fastener in motion after the axial load of the mating components has been reducedto zero.F1789 153burstopen break in the metal during forging located on the flats or corners of bolt and screw heads, or at the periphery of afla
47、nged or circular headed bolt or screw, or on the flats or corners of the nut.carbide precipitation “sensitization”condition which affects some austenitic stainless steels which have been subjected totemperatures in the critical range, typically 800 to 1400F. Complex chromium carbides precipitate and
48、 reside primarily at thegrain boundaries, causing deterioration of its corrosion resistance by depleting its adjacent areas of chromium.carbon boron steelcarbon steel in which boron has been intentionally added at a minimum of 0.0005 % and a maximum of0.003 % in order to obtain an expected hardenabi
49、lity.carbon steelsteel for which no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, molybdenum, nickel, or any otherelement added to obtain a desired alloying effect; or steel for which maximum content specified for manganese does not exceed1.65 %. When specified, boron may be added to killed carbon steel with a maximum allowable of 0.003 %.carburizationprocess or result of increasing carbon content of the surface layers of the steel fastener product. F2328case hardeninga process which intentionally produces a surfa
