1、Designation: F1789 16Standard Terminology forF16 Mechanical Fasteners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1789; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind
2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation ofdefinitions for terminology used for mechanical fasteners.1.2 Terms in this terminology are organized alphabe
3、tically.In Appendix X1 they are listed under fastener characteristic.1.3 Additional definitions are shown in ANSI/ASMEB18.12; IFI Glossary of Terms, IFI-139 and IFI-140; and SAEJ412.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsE456 Terminology Relating
4、 to Quality and StatisticsF432 Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts andAccessoriesF2428 Guide for Selection and Use for Pelvic Ring Circum-ferential Compression Stabilization Devices (PRCCSD)2.2 ANSI/ASME Standard:3B18.12 Glossary of Terms for Mechanical Fasteners2.3 IFI Standards:4Glossary of Term
5、s Relating to Aerospace FastenersIFI-139 Quality Assurance Requirements for Fastener Test-ing LaboratoriesIFI-140 Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars forMechanical Fasteners2.4 SAE Standard:5SAE J412 General Characteristics and Heat Treatments ofSteels2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:6ISO/IEC 17011 Con
6、formity assessment - General require-ments for accreditation bodies accrediting conformityassessment bodiesISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence oftesting and calibration laboratories3. TerminologyMechanical Fastener Definitionsacceptance numbernumerical value representing the maxi-m
7、um number of permissible non-conformances within asample submitted for testing and acceptance of the popula-tion.accredited laboratoryan organization found to be operatingin conformance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 byan accrediting body that has been found to be compliant toISO/IEC 17011,
8、and is recognized as a signatory to theInternational Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).age hardenedprecipitation of constituents within certainalloy metals to increase mechanical properties.alloy groupmaterials grouped by their chemical designationand co
9、nsidered to be functionally or chemically similar forgeneral purpose use.alloy steelsteel is considered to be alloy when the maximumrange given for manganese exceeds 1.65 % or a definiteminimum quantity for any of the following elements isspecified or required within the limits of the recognized fie
10、ldof constructional alloy steels: chromium, molybdenum,nickel, or any other alloying element added to obtain adesired alloying effect.alterto change fastener properties such as hardness, tensilestrength, surface finish, length, or other characteristics of thefastener through such processes as heat t
11、reatment, plating,and machining.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.91 on Editorial.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved
12、 in 2015 as F1789 15. DOI:10.1520/F1789-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Am
13、erican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute, 1717 E. 9th Street, Suite 1105,Cleveland, OH 44114. http:/www.indfast.org5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealt
14、hDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
15、 19428-2959. United States1alterationinsignificant alterationany change to the fastener from itspurchased condition that results in no diminished or modi-fied mechanical, metallurgical, or functional properties.significant alterationany change to the fastener from its aspurchased condition that resu
16、lts in modified mechanical,metallurgical, or functional properties.alteration distributordistributor of fasteners who alters afastener prior to sale and assumes the full responsibilities ofthe alteration and its affected mechanical and performancecharacteristics.anchor boltsteel rod or bar, one end
17、of which is intended tobe cast in concrete while the opposite end is threaded andprojects from the concrete for anchoring other material to theconcrete. The end cast in concrete may be either straight orprovided with an anchor, such as a bent hook, forged head,or a tapped or welded attachment to res
18、ist forces imposed onthe anchor bolt as required.annealinggeneral term applied to a variety of thermaltreatments applied to fasteners for the purpose of softeningor homogenizing material properties. The specific types ofannealing are:full annealingheating steel above the upper critical transfor-mati
19、on temperature, holding it there long enough to fullytransform the steel to austenite, and then cooling it at acontrolled rate, in a furnace, to below a specified tempera-ture. A full anneal refines grain structure and provides arelatively soft, ductile material that is free of internalstresses.inte
20、rcritical annealing/isothermal annealingheating a steelabove the lower critical transformation temperature, butbelow the upper-critical transformation temperature, to dis-solve all the iron carbides, but not transform all the ferrite toaustenite. Cooling slowly from this temperature, through thelowe
21、r critical temperature, produces a structure of ferrite andpearlite that is free of internal stresses. In intercriticalannealing, the steel continues to cool slowly in the furnace,similarly to full annealing. In isothermal annealing, coolingis stopped just below the lower critical, assuring complete
22、transformation to ferrite and coarse pearlite, and eliminatingthe potential for bainite formation. The coarse pearlitestructure greatly improves machinability of medium carbonsteels.normalizingvariation of full annealing in which steel isheated above the upper critical temperature and is then aircoo
23、led in air, rather than in a furnace. Normalizing relievesthe internal stresses caused by previous working, and whileit produces sufficient softness and ductility for manypurposes, it leaves the steel harder and with a higher tensilestrength than full annealing. To remove cooling stresses,normalizin
24、g if often followed by tempering.process annealingsometimes called subcritical annealing orstress relieving, performed at temperatures just below thelower critical temperature. Process annealing neither refinesgrains nor redissolves cementite, but does improve theductility and decreases residual str
25、ess in work-hardenedsteel.solution annealingheating an austenitic stainless steel to atemperature that puts the carbides into solution. The steel isheld at this temperature long enough to achieve graingrowth. It is then quenched in a medium for fast cooling,which prevents most of the carbides from r
26、eprecipitating.The process achieves optimum creep strength.spheroidize annealingtype of subcritical annealing used tosoften steel and improve machinability. Heat treating finepearlite for a long time just below the lower criticaltemperature of the steel, followed by a very slow cooling,produces a sp
27、heroidal or globular form of the pearlite.stabilization annealingheating an austenitic stainless steelused in severe aqueous corrosion environments by firstsolution annealing and then reheating to about 1600F, andholding at that temperature. The treatment causes grainboundary precipitation of carbid
28、es, but also the hold timepermits the chromium remaining in the austenite solution toredistribute within the grains, restoring corrosion resistance,even adjacent to the grain boundaries.applicable standardsthose having the capability of beingapplied in some fashion to the host standard.arbitration h
29、ardness locationprescribed location on thefastener, such as at mid-radius, using 90 intervals takenthrough the cross section, one diameter from the threadedend for bolts and screws.assembly lotassembly lot may consist of a combination ofdifferent products. As long as the products that make up theass
30、embly are in accordance with lot, the quantity of assem-blies determine the sample size. Example: ten assembliesconsisting of a bolt, nut, and a washer would have a lot sizeof ten if the bolts, nuts, and washers meet the criteria of lot.However, if any of the components in the assembly are notin acc
31、ordance with lot then the ten assemblies will have to beseparated into lots that meet all the requirements of lot.austenitic stainless alloyssteel alloys that contain a mini-mum of 15 % chromium and from a residual to 20 % nickel.Some alloys may contain as much as 18 % manganese. Themetal is predomi
32、nantly face centered cubic in structure andhardenable only by cold working. Essentially nonmagneticin its wire form, it may become slightly magnetic from coldworking.Austenitic stainless steels can be grouped into threecategories: 300 series alloy, Cr-Ni-Mn alloys, and Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti.average coating th
33、icknessdetermined as either the valueobtained by analytical methods or the mean value of aspecified number of local thickness measurements that areevenly distributed over the significant surface.baking durationtime measured from when the plated prod-uct reaches a specified temperature in the baking
34、furnace oroven until it is removed.F1789 162barsolid rolled or forged section that is long in relationshipto its cross-sectional dimensions with a relatively constantcross-section throughout its length. Carbon and alloy steelbars are produced from hot rolled or cast billets, or fromblooms rolled sin
35、gle strand into coils.barrel-plating processfastener-coating process which em-ploys a containment vessel called a barrel that is designed tomove a given batch of fasteners together through each of theprocess steps, allowing ready ingress and egress of process-ing solutions and rinses. As the barrel
36、moves through theprocess steps, it is rotated or oscillated, causing the fastenersto cascade over one another, and in the electrocleaning andelectroplating steps, and electric current is applied.batch average thicknesscalculated average thickness of acoating if it were uniformly distributed on the s
37、urfaces of theitems.batch lota quantity of identical fasteners of the same partnumber, taken from a production lot subjected as one batchto the same fastener manufacturing processes such as platingor heat treatment, etc.bend testvarious tests in which a fastener is bent through itsaxis or on a round
38、 mandrel to determine the toughness andductility of the fastener.bendable boltsbolts furnished with an altered section atsome location at which the bolt will bend.beveled washera washer which is square or rectangular witha beveled one to six ratio surface for use with AmericanStandard beams and chan
39、nels.bilateral specificationsspecifications that have both an up-per and a lower value.boltheaded and externally threaded fastener designed to beassembled with a nut.bolt load - elongation behaviorwhen tensile loaded, a boltwill elongate elastically until stressed beyond its propor-tional limit wher
40、e it will behave plastically.bolt-nut-washer assemblya combination of bolt, nut, andwasher components from singular lots that have beenassembled, lubricated as necessary, tested as required, andprepared for shipment to a customer creating a unique setand certifiable lot.break loose torquetorque appl
41、ied in a removal directionnecessary to start the fastener in motion from its fullypreloaded installed position.breakaway torquetorque necessary to start a fastener inmotion after the axial load of the mating components hasbeen reduced to zero.burstopen break in the metal during forging located on th
42、eflats or corners of bolt and screw heads, or at the peripheryof a flanged or circular headed bolt or screw, or on the flatsor corners of the nut.carbide precipitation “sensitization”condition which af-fects some austenitic stainless steels which have beensubjected to temperatures in the critical ra
43、nge, typically 800to 1400F. Complex chromium carbides precipitate andreside primarily at the grain boundaries, causing deteriora-tion of its corrosion resistance by depleting its adjacent areasof chromium.carbon boron steelcarbon steel in which boron has beenintentionally added at a minimum of 0.000
44、5 % and amaximum of 0.003 % in order to obtain an expected hard-enability.carbon steelsteel for which no minimum content is specifiedor required for chromium, molybdenum, nickel, or any otherelement added to obtain a desired alloying effect; or steel forwhich maximum content specified for manganese
45、does notexceed 1.65 %. When specified, boron may be added tokilled carbon steel with a maximum allowable of 0.003 %.carburizationprocess or result of increasing carbon contentof the surface layers of the steel fastener product. F2428case hardeninga process which intentionally produces asurface hardn
46、ess for a steel fastener that is harder than itscore.center hardnesshardness of the core of a bolt, screw, or studmeasured at the center of a transverse section. Centerhardness measurement is not the location for determiningconformance of hardness to product specifications. Refer tomid-radius hardne
47、ss and surface hardness.certificate of compliancedocument or electronic record,signed by an authorized party, affirming that the supplier ofthe fastener or related service, or both, has met the require-ments of the relevant specifications, contract, or regulation.certificate of conformancedocument o
48、r electronic recordaffirming that the fastener has met the requirements of therelevant specifications, contract, or regulation.certificationprocedure and action by a duly authorized bodyof determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to thequalifications of personnel, processes, procedures, or i
49、temsin accordance with applicable requirements.certified quality assurance systemsystem so designatedofficially by a recognized accrediting body as having met allof the criteria within a national or an international third partyquality system standard.chemical anchorschemical materials that provide anchor-age between a bolt or bar and a drilled hole.check analysissee product analysis.clamp loadsometimes called preload or initial load. It is atension on a bolt or screw, which results in equal andopposite forces which exist at
