1、Designation: F 1953 99 (Reapproved 2003)An American National StandardStandard Guide forConstruction and Maintenance of Grass Tennis Courts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1953; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for theconstruction and maintenance of
3、grass tennis courts. This guideprovides guidance for selection of soil systems and turfgrassspecies in court construction and for selection of managementpractices that will maintain an acceptable playing surface.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenancetechniques are influenced by exis
4、ting soil types, climaticfactors, adaptation of grass species, level of play anticipated,intensity of use, budget, equipment, and training and ability ofthe turf management personnel.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informat
5、iononly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refe
6、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1140 Test Method for Amount of Material in Soils FinerThan the No. 200 (75-m) SieveD 5268 Specification fo
7、r Topsoil Used for LandscapingPurposesE 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesF 405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Tub-ing and Fittings3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as noted, soil related definitions arein accordance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definition
8、s of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cool-season turfgrassspecies best adapted to growthduring cool, moist periods of the year, commonly havingtemperature optimums of 15 to 25C. Examples: bentgrass,bluegrass, fescue, and ryegrass.3.2.2 coringsmall cores are removed from the turf soil byhollow
9、tines or spoons.3.2.3 cultivation, turfthe working of a turf soil withoutdestruction of the turf (1).33.2.4 drillingvertical holes are created in the turf soil byremoval of soil by rotating drill bits or augers.3.2.5 gravelrounded or sub-rounded rock or mineral par-ticles 2.0 mm and 7.6 mm (2).3.2.6
10、 groovingvertical rotating blades cut continuous slitsthrough the turf and into the soil, with soil, thatch, and plantmaterial being displaced.3.2.7 overseedingseeding into an existing turf (1).3.2.8 punching, with solid tinesholes in the soil arecreated by punching action of solid tines, often moun
11、ted onequipment that may also utilize hollow tines.3.2.9 renovationimprovement of turf, usually involvingweed control and replanting into existing live or dead vegeta-tion, or both (1).3.2.10 soilsediments or other unconsolidated accumula-tions of solid particles produced by the physical and chemica
12、ldisintegration of rocks, and which may or may not containorganic matter.3.2.11 soil profilevertical section of a soil, showing thenature and sequence of the various layers, as developed bydeposition or weathering, or both.3.2.12 soil textural classtexture designation based onrelative proportions of
13、 sand (2.0 to 0.05 mm in diameter), silt(0.05 to 0.002 mm), and clay (0.002 mm) (2).3.2.12.1 DiscussionParticle size ranges for sand, silt, andclay vary somewhat from ranges in Test Method D 422,Terminology D 653, Test Method D 1140, and SpecificationD 5268.1This test method is under the jurisdictio
14、n of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.23 onTennis Courts and Track Surfaces.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 195399.2For ref
15、erenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references
16、at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.13 soil texture, (gradation) (grain-size distribution)the proportions by mass of a soil or fragmented rock distributedin specified particle size ranges.3.
17、2.14 spikingsolid tines or flat, pointed blades penetratethe turf and soil surface.3.2.15 thatchan intermingled layer of dead and livingshoots, stems, and roots that develops between the zone ofgreen vegetation and the soil surface (1).3.2.16 topdressinga prepared soil mix added to the turfsurface a
18、nd worked in by brooming, matting, raking, orirrigation, or a combination thereof, (1) to smooth a greensurface, (2) to firm a turf by working soil in among stolons andthatch forming materials, (3) to enhance thatch decomposition,and (4) to cover stolons or springs during vegetative planting;also, t
19、he act of applying topdressing materials to turf (3).3.2.17 topsoilsurface soil, usually containing organicmatter. Also see Specification D 5268.3.2.18 turfgrassa species or cultivar of grass, usually ofspreading habit, that is maintained as a mowed turf (1).3.2.19 warm-season turfgrassspecies best
20、adapted togrowth during the warmer part of the year; usually dormantduring cold weather or injured by it; commonly havingtemperature optimums of 27 to 35C. Examples: bermuda-grass, carpetgrass, centipedegrass, St. Augustinegrass, andzoysiagrass.3.2.20 winter overseedingseeding cool-season turfgrasse
21、sover warm-season turfgrasses at or near their start of winterdormancy; used in mild climates to provide green, growing turfduring the winter period when the warm-season species arebrown and dormant.4. Significance and Use4.1 A grass tennis court should provide a relatively uniform,high quality play
22、ing surface as it relates to footing and ballbounce. Undulations, rough surface, bare spots, weeds, and wetspots detract from good play. Playing surface quality is largelyaffected by construction and maintenance procedures, and thisguide addresses those procedures.4.1.1 During construction, consider
23、ation should be given tofactors such as soil physical and chemical properties, freedomof large stones and debris in the soil, surface and internaldrainage, grass species selection, orientation of the court, andprovisions for distributing wear on the playing surface.4.1.2 Maintenance practices that i
24、nfluence the playability ofthe surface include mowing height, mowing frequency, rolling,irrigation, fertilization, weed control, disease and insect con-trol, cultivation, thatch control, topdressing, and overseeding.4.2 Those responsible for the design, construction, or main-tenance, or a combinatio
25、n thereof, of tennis courts will benefitfrom this guide.4.3 This guide provides flexibility in choices of proceduresand can be used to cover a variety of use and budget levels.5. Construction5.1 SoilSoil may be the existing topsoil or a sandy topmix prepared by mixing sand with soil.5.1.1 Existing o
26、r native soils used for tennis courts shouldbe well drained. Well drained soils are often medium textured.Avoid poorly drained soils, which remain wet for significantperiods during the growing season. Poorly drained soils maypossess a layer of soil with slow permeability, a high watertable, addition
27、al water from seepage, or a combination of theseproperties. The presence of soil mottling (spots of differentcolors: for example, yellowish, reddish, grayish, brownish)indicates poor drainage and limited aeration in a soil. Coarsetextured, excessively drained soils can be used, but irrigationmust be
28、 provided because these soils have limited capacity tohold plant available water. County soil survey reports, avail-able for inspection at local offices of the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture or at county cooperative extensionoffices, can be used to obtain information on the properties ofnatu
29、ral soils at a given location. Relationships between generaltextural terms, textural classes, and permeability are shown inAppendix X1. In some cases, consideration may be given tomodifying fine- or medium-textured soils by adding andincorporating sand into the surface to obtain 8 to 12 cm ofmodifie
30、d soil. The amount of sand required to effectivelymodify a soil (to increase permeability) will vary depending onthe soil and sand properties; however, a minimum of 60 % sandon a volume basis will probably be needed to ensure goodinternal drainage when the soil is compacted (4). Prior to turfestabli
31、shment, apply lime and fertilizer as required, based onsoil test results. During final surface preparation, all debris andany stones greater than 1 cm in diameter should be raked fromthe surface 1.5 cm of soil.5.1.2 Artificial (man-made) profiles are often used on highlytrafficked turf areas. In gen
32、eral, a coarse-textured topsoil or atop mix, prepared by mixing soil and sand to obtain awell-drained growing medium, is placed on a drainage blanketof gravel, which provides subsurface drainage. A false watertable is formed at the interface of the topsoil and the drainagelayer. Water will not move
33、readily from the finer top mix intothe gravel layer until the water content is at or near saturationat the interface. If fine- or medium-textured soils are used forthe topsoil in such profiles, they will remain too wet; however,in the case of coarse-textured topsoils, the increased waterretention is
34、 a benefit. Such profiles are commonly used for golfputting greens (5). If the particle size differential between thetopsoil and gravel layer is great, an intermediate layer is placedon the gravel to prevent in-washing of the topsoil. Some soillaboratories test soils for use on greens. Their service
35、s couldalso be used to evaluate soils for tennis courts, especially whenartificial profiles will be used. Steps in constructing a tenniscourt with an artificial profile follow:5.1.2.1 Excavate to a depth equal to the depth of settledlayers within the profile (approximately 40 cm). Compact thesubgrad
36、e. The subgrade should be parallel to the finishedgrade, which should have a slope of 0.8 to 1.0 % to providesurface drainage. The slope may be either widthwise orlengthwise, depending on site.5.1.2.2 Excavate trenches (approximately 20-cm wide and20-cm deep) in compacted subgrade for drainage pipe
37、(lateraland main lines), with no more than 10 m between laterals.Remove excavated material or spread it evenly over thesubgrade between trenches. Drainage pipe should have adiameter of approximately 10 cm. Corrugated, perforated,plastic drainage pipe (tubing) conforming to SpecificationF 1953 99 (20
38、03)2F 405 is recommended. Non-perforated pipe can be usedoutside the drainage area to carry water to a suitable surfacedrainage area or storm drain.5.1.2.3 Place drainage pipe ona5to10-cm bed of gravel intrenches. Minimum grade for drainage pipe is 1.0 %. Use laseror other appropriate equipment to m
39、aintain accurate grades.5.1.2.4 Cover the drainage pipe and subgrade witha7to10-cm layer of washed gravel or crushed rock. Do not use softor easily weathered materials in this layer. Gravel shouldconsist of hard durable particles of natural gravel or crushedstone or rock that will not degrade when a
40、lternately wetted anddried or frozen and thawed. The particle size of the gravelshould meet the following specifications.(a) Ninety to 100 % (weight basis) passing 12.5-mm(0.5-in.) sieve.(b) Minimum of 50 % passing 9.5 mm (0.375 inch) andretained on 6.3-mm (0.25-in.) sieve.(c) Maximum of 10 % passin
41、g 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.(d) Uniformity coefficient:d90/d10 # 3(d90 andd10 refer tothe diameter below which 90 % and 10 % of the particles fall,as determined from a particle size accumulation curve.(e) Coarse aggregate size Nos. 7 and 8 (see SpecificationC 33) should receive consideration.(f) Grading
42、 requirements for size Nos. 7 and 8 are asfollows:SieveDesignationSize78% passing19.0 mm (0.75 in.) 100 . . .12.5 mm (0.50 in.) 90 to 100 1009.5 mm (0.375 in.) 40 to 70 85 to 1004.75 mm (No. 4) 0 to 15 10 to 302.36 mm (No. 8) 0 to 5 0 to 101.18 mm (No. 16) . . . 0 to 55.1.2.5 Place intermediate laye
43、r of 5 to 7-cm thickness onthe gravel layer. Material in this layer should have a minimumof 90 % of the particles between 1 and 4 mm. This intermediatelayer is placed in the profile to ensure no in-washing of top mixinto gravel.5.1.2.6 Place 25 cm of coarse-textured soil or top mix onintermediate la
44、yer. By placing layers of 5 to 6 cm and firmingby light rolling or heeling (walking over area on heels of shoes)after each layer is placed, settling of the area after establish-ment will be minimized. The top mix should have a sandcontent 70 to 85 %. Growing media with higher sand contentscan suppor
45、t turfgrass growth and provide even greater internaldrainage, which could provide for quicker use of the courtfollowing rainfall; however, excessively sandy top mixes canbe unstable underfoot and abrasive to the turfgrass and cancause difficulty in reestablishing grass in worn areas due to lowwater
46、retention and movement during play. When sand and soilare mixed to create the top mix, the added sand should beuniform in size with 85 % of the particles between 0.5 and 2.0mm or between 0.25 and 1.0 mm. Well-graded sands are not aseffective as uniform sands for modifying soils to create betterinter
47、nal drainage. Organic amendments, such as peat, may beadded (generally in amounts equal to 10 to 20 % by volume).Organic amendments will increase water and nutrient reten-tion, an important consideration in very sandy top mixes. Thetop mix should be screened to remove material greater than 6.3mm (0.
48、25 in.); or if not screened, raked thoroughly afterplacement to remove material greater than 1 cm from thesurface 1.5 cm of mix. Screening is a usual practice in thepreparation of top mixes by commercial companies. As withnative soils, use soil test results as a guide for liming andfertilization.5.2
49、 SlopeFinal grade should provide for an 0.8 to 1.0 %slope (1-cm fall in 100 to 120 cm) across the width or lengthof the court. Use laser or other suitable equipment to ensureaccurate grade. The surface slope is important for removingexcess water during periods of intense rainfall. This slope isessential on all courts regardless of soil type.5.3 OrientationThe long dimension of the court should beclose to a north to south direction. Such an orientationminimizes the times when the low early morning or eveningsun will be directly in players eyes.5.4 Species S
