1、Designation: F 1956 99 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Specification forRescue Carabiners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1956; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers six mechanical tests, onecorrosion resistance test, and the minimum performance re-quirements for these tests. This sp
3、ecification applies to cara-biners designed specifically for use by rescue personnel duringboth training exercises and actual rescue operations. Thisspecification does not apply to recreational use carabiners.1.2 Two different types of carabiners are defined in thisspecification, a heavy-duty rescue
4、 carabiner and a light-dutyrescue carabiner.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 Tests contained herein are destructive in nature. Cara-biners subjected to any of these tests shall not be used in anyway after testing except in evaluation the results of suchtesting.
5、1.5 This specification does not imply approval of anymethod of use of rescue carabiners. In addition, the testsdescribed are laboratory tests and do not duplicate fieldconditions. Furthermore, the test load values contained hereinare not to be interpreted as the forces which a rescue carabinermay be
6、 subjected to, or may be expected to sustain, in actualfield use.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard t
7、oestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 Definit
8、ions:3.1.1 carabinera load-bearing, connective device with aself-closing gate.3.1.2 heavy-duty rescue carabinera carabiner that meetsthe specifications for a heavy-duty rescue carabiner as definedin Section 8.3.1.3 light-duty rescue carabinera carabiner that meetsthe specifications for a light-duty
9、rescue carabiner as defined inSection 8.3.1.4 locking carabinera carabiner with a locking mecha-nism which reduces the possibility of a gate being openedinadvertently. A locking mechanism requires at least twodifferent consecutive manual actions to open the gate (seeAppendix X2).3.1.5 non-locking ca
10、rabinerany carabiner that does nothave a locking mechanism that reduces the possibility of a gatebeing opened inadvertently.3.1.6 rescue carabinera carabiner intended for life sup-port in rescue systems. It may be classified as heavy-type orlight duty.3.1.7 ultimate strengththe maximum force sustain
11、ed by acarabiner during an ultimate force test, prior to failure.3.1.7.1 failurethe point at which some part of the cara-biner physically breaks or distorts to an extent that the testmembers are released.4. Significance and Use4.1 Gate Function Load TestThis test verifies that the gatecan be opened
12、(with the gate locking mechanism in theunlocked position) and that the gate can not be opened (withthe gate locking mechanism in the locked position) whileloaded with Function Test Force #1 along the major axis.4.2 Gate Locking Mechanism Function Load TestThis testverifies that the gate locking mech
13、anism can be unlocked, afterFunction Test Force #2 has been applied along the major axisand released.4.3 Major Axis Gate Closed Function Load TestThis testverifies that the gate functions as originally intended, afterFunction Test Force #3 has been applied and released.1This specification is under t
14、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.01 on Equipment,Testing, and Maintenance.Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1956 - 99.2For
15、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
16、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.4 Major Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength TestThistest is intended to show the ultimate strength of the carabinerin the major axis with the gate closed.4.5 Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate Strength TestThis testis intended to show the ultimate streng
17、th of the carabiner in themajor axis with the gate open.4.6 Minor Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength TestThistest is intended to show the ultimate strength of the carabinerin the minor axis with the gate closed.4.7 Corrosion TestThis test is intended to verify that thecarabiner is produced from a co
18、rrosion-resistant material, oradequately covered with a protective coating.5. Apparatus and Conditions5.1 Tensile Test MachineThe tension testing machineshall be maintained in good operation condition, used only inthe proper loading range, and calibrated periodically in accor-dance with the latest r
19、evision of Practices E4.5.2 Test Fixtures and Supplies:5.2.1 There are four test pins required, two test pins with 66 0.05-mm radii and two test pins with 5 6 0.05-mm radii.Test pins must be AISI SAE Type 01 Tool Steel (commonlypurchased as 01 Drill Rod) heat treated to a minimumRockwell hardness, C
20、 scale 60. The mean surface roughness,Ra must not exceed 0.8 m and the peak to valley height.Rmax, must not exceed 6.3 m. The fixture must be designedto prevent the test pins from rotating and so that the carabineris free to locate itself on the test pins when force is applied. SeeFigs. 1 and 2.NOTE
21、 1Test pin cross section is not required to be round. Any crosssection necessary to prevent test pin failure or any design to prevent testpin rotation is acceptable, as long as the contact point (between test pinand carabiner) of the test pin has the specified radius, material type,hardness, and sur
22、face roughness.5.2.2 Molybdenum-Based Grease.5.3 Test Conditions:5.3.1 The ambient temperature, test samples, test fixture,and supplies shall be between 15 and 23C 59 and 73F.5.3.2 All six mechanical tests must be conducted with theforce applied parallel to the gravitational pull of the earth.6. Haz
23、ardsCarabiners may disengage or eject parts from the test fixture.Use a safety screen and wear safety glasses while testing. Donot perform these tests alone.7. Sampling7.1 Sample SelectionRandomly select the carabiners inaccordance with 7.2.2. Each user of this test method mayspecify the lot size fr
24、om which the carabiners are to beselected.7.2 Number of Samples:7.2.1 The same number of carabiners must be used for eachof the tests in this specification.7.2.2 A minimum of five carabiners will be used, in se-quence, for the Gate Function Load Test, Gate LockingMechanism Function Load Test, Major
25、Axis Gate ClosedFunction Load Test, and Major Axis Gate Closed UltimateStrength Test. A minimum of five carabiners will be used forthe Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate Strength Test. A minimumof five carabiners will be used for the Minor Axis Gate ClosedUltimate Strength Test. A minimum of five carabin
26、ers will beused for the Corrosion Test.7.2.3 Label the randomly selected carabiners 1 through X(X being the total number of carabiners selected).8. Performance Specifications8.1 Gate Function Load Test:FIG. 1 Major Axis Test SetupFIG. 2 Test FixtureF 1956 99 (2005)28.1.1 With the gate locking mechan
27、ism in the unlockedposition and Function Test Force #1 applied along the majoraxis, each carabiner gate shall open and close as designed andwith the same quality and performance as before the test. Theuse of tools or any device other than finger pressure is notallowed.8.1.2 With the gate locking mec
28、hanism in the locked posi-tion and Function Test Force #1 applied along the major axis,the gate must not open. (The use of tools or any device otherthan finger pressure is not allowed.)8.2 Gate Locking Mechanism Function Load TestWhen alocking carabiners gate locking mechanism is advanced toitss ful
29、ly locked position, while the Function Test Force #2 isapplied along the major axis. The gate locking mechanismmust be able to be returned to its unlocked position after theforce is removed. (The use of tools or any device other thanfinger pressure is not allowed.)8.3 Major Axis Gate Closed Function
30、 Load TestEach ofthe carabiners subjected to Function Test Force #3 shall showno evidence of distortion that impairs the designed functionafter the test is conducted.8.4 Major Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength TestEachof the carabiners subjected to this test shall have an ultimatestrength equal to
31、or greater than the major axis gate closedminimum ultimate strength listed in Table 1.8.5 Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate Strength TestEach ofthe carabiners subjected to this test shall have an ultimatestrength equal to or greater than the major axis gate openminimum ultimate strength listed in Table
32、1.8.6 Minor Axis Gate Closed Ultimate StrengthEach of thecarabiners subjected to this test shall have an ultimate strengthequal to or greater than the minor axis gate closed minimumultimate strength listed in Table 18.7 Corrosion TestEach of the carabiners subjected to thecorrosion test shall not ha
33、ve more than light-surface corrosionfollowing the test. In addition, each carabiner gate shall openand close with the same quality and performance as before thetest. (The use of tools or any device other than finger pressureis not allowed.) Furthermore, each gate locking mechanismmust be able to mov
34、e through its full range of travel with thesame quality and performance as before the test. (The use oftools or any device other than finger pressure is not allowed.)9. Procedure9.1 Gate Function Load Test:9.1.1 Open and close the gate and gate locking mechanismto feel the action of each carabiner p
35、rior to conducting this test.Record any interferences in the report.9.1.2 Apply molybdenum-based grease to the test pins at thepoint of contact between the test pins and the carabiner.9.1.3 Unlock the gate locking mechanism and position thecarabiner on the 6-mm radius test pins, as shown in Fig. 1.P
36、osition the spine of the carabiner against the test pins.9.1.4 Load the carabiner along the major axis at a rate of 56 1 mm/min until Function Test Force #1 is reached.9.1.5 While maintaining the force, open and close the gateand check that the gate functions as it did prior to theapplication of Tes
37、t Force #1. (The use of tools or any deviceother than finger pressure is not allowed.) Record whether thegate opens or close, or both, and the actual test force applied tothe carabiner in the report.9.1.6 While maintaining the force, lock the gate lockingmechanism. (The use of tools or any device ot
38、her than fingerpressure is not allowed.) Verify that with the gate lockingmechanism in the locked position, the gate does not open. (Theuse of tools or any device other than finger pressure is notallowed.) Record whether the gate opens in the report.9.1.7 Release the test force at a rate of 120 mm/m
39、inmaximum, as necessary, so as not to cause shock loading on thecarabiner.9.2 Gate Locking Mechanism Function Load Test:9.2.1 Using the same carabiners as used in 9.1. Applymolybdenum-based grease to the test pins at the point ofcontact between the test pins and the carabiner.9.2.2 Unlock the gate l
40、ocking mechanism and position thecarabiner on the 6-mm radius test pins, as shown in Fig. 1.Position the spine of the carabiner against the test pins.9.2.3 Load the carabiner along the major axis at a rate of 106 5 mm/min until Function Test Force #2 is reached.9.2.4 While maintaining the force, loc
41、k the gate mechanism.(The use of tools or any device other than finger pressure is notallowed.) Record the actual test force applied to the carabinerin the report.9.2.5 Release the test force at a rate of 120 mm/min,maximum, as necessary, so as not to cause shock loading on thecarabiner.9.2.6 Unlock
42、 the gate locking mechanism. (The use of toolsof any device other than finger pressure is not allowed.) Recordwhether the gate locking mechanism can be returned to itsunlocked position in the report.9.3 Major Axis Gate Closed Function Load Test:9.3.1 Using the same carabiners as used in 9.1 and 9.2,
43、apply molybdenum-based grease to the test pins at the point ofcontact between the test pins and the carabiner.TABLE 1 Function Test Forces and Minimum Ultimate StrengthsCarabiner TypeFunction Test ForcesAMinimum Ultimate Strength#1 #2 #3Major AxisGate ClosedMajor AxisGate OpenMinor AxisGate ClosedHe
44、avy-Duty Rescuecarabiner1.33 kN300 lbf10.68 kN2400 lbf26.69 kN6000 lbf40.03 kN9000 lbf, min10.68 kN2400 lbf, min10.68 kN 2400 lbf,minLight-Duty rescuecarabiner0.8 kN180 lbf7kN1575 lbf14 kN3145 lbf20 kN4495 lbf, min7kN1575 lbf, min7kN1575 lbf, minA6 5%.F 1956 99 (2005)39.3.2 Unlock the gate locking m
45、echanism and position thecarabiner on the 6-mm radius test pins, as shown in Fig. 1.Position the spine of the carabiner against the test pins.9.3.3 Load the carabiner along the major axis at a rate of 206 5 mm/min until Function Test Force #3 is reached.9.3.4 Release the test force at a rate of 120
46、mm/min,maximum, as necessary, so as not to cause shock loading on thecarabiner.9.3.5 Open and close the gate and check the carabiner forevidence of distortion that impairs the designed function.Record whether the gate functions and also note any distortionto the carabiner that impairs the designed f
47、unction in the report.9.4 Major Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength Test:9.4.1 Using the same carabiners as used in 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3apply molybdenum-based grease to the test pins at the point ofcontact between the test pins and the carabiner.9.4.2 Lock the gate locking mechanism and position thecara
48、biner on the 6-mm radius test pins, as shown in Fig. 1.Position the spine of the carabiner against the test pins.9.4.3 Load the carabiner along the major axis at a rate of 306 5 mm/min until failure.9.4.4 On the test report, record the maximum force sus-tained.9.5 Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate Stren
49、gth Test:9.5.1 Secure the gate in the open position.9.5.2 Apply molybdenum-based grease to the test pins at thepoint of contact between the test pins and the carabiner.9.5.3 Position the carabiner on the 6-mm radius test pins, asshown in Fig. 1. Position the spine of the carabiner against thetest pins.9.5.4 Load the carabiner along the major axis at a rate of 306 5 mm/min until failure.9.5.5 On the test report, record the maximum force sus-tained.9.6 Minor Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength Test:9.6.1 Apply molybdenum-based gr
