1、Designation: F1978 17Standard Test Method forMeasuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal SprayCoatings by Using the Taber Abraser1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1978; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance ofmetallic coatings produced by thermal s
3、pray processes on flatmetallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizingcoatings used on surgical implants.1.2 This test uses the Taber Abraser,2which generates acombination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coatingsurface. Wear is quantified as cumulative weight loss.1.3 This
4、test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens thatdo not react significantly with water and do not undergo aphase transformation or chemical reaction between roomtemperature and 100C in air.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included
5、in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitati
6、ons prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tec
7、hnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodG195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a RotaryPlatform Abraser3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to Thi
8、s Standard:3.1.1 abraser, ninstrument that is designed to determinethe resistance of surfaces to composite rolling and rubbingaction.3.1.2 particle shedding, nloss of surface particles andfragments from a coating.3.1.3 thermal spray coating, ncoating produced by spray-ing melted or softened powder o
9、r wire by means of combus-tible gases, plasma, or two-wire arc.3.1.4 weight loss, namount of mass removed by the testapparatus over the course of testing.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a Taber Abraser with H-22Calibrade (trademarked) wheels2and the 250-g mass of theabrading head
10、without added weights. A specimen is abradedusing rotary rubbing action under controlled conditions ofpressure and abrasive action. The test specimen, mounted on aturntable platform, turns on a vertical axis against the slidingrotation of two abrading wheels. One abrading wheel rubs thespecimen outw
11、ard toward the periphery and the other inwardtoward the center. The resulting abrasion marks form a patternof crossed arcs over an area of approximately 30 cm2.Specimens are abraded and cleaned ultrasonically for a set1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F04 on Medicaland Su
12、rgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF04.15 on Material Test Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F1978 12. DOI:10.1520/F1978-17.2Trademarked. The sole sou
13、rce of supply of the apparatus known to thecommittee at this time is Taber Industries, North Tonawanda, NY 14120 USA. Ifyou are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technic
14、al committee,1which you may attend.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes sect
15、ion appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on
16、 Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1number (2, 5, 10, or 100) of cumulative rotational cycles. Thespecimens are weighed after each cleaning, and the weight lossis the
17、 measure of abrasive wear to the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to evaluate theresistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coating. Suchparticle shedding might occur during surgical insertion of animplant or as the result of micromotion of the implant af
18、terinsertion.5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for qualitycontrol analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate theeffects of processing variables, such as substrate preparationbefore coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, orpostcoating treatments, any of which may
19、influence the sus-ceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.5.3 This abrasion test method is for flat plate-shaped speci-mens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do notleave the surface of the specimen. It is not recommended,however, for devices with other shapes or sizes.6. Ap
20、paratus6.1 Taber Abraser, or equivalent as described in GuideG195, with abrading head of 250-g mass and no added weights.6.2 H-22 Taber Calibrade Wheels, or equivalent.6.3 Taber Vacuum Unit, made by Shop-Vac (trademarked),27.4 amps, or equivalent.6.4 Taber Wheel Refacer,2or equivalent.6.5 Ultrasonic
21、 Cleaning Unit, for cleaning specimens afterabrading.6.6 Drying Oven, capable of operation at 100 6 2C, fordrying specimens.6.7 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing specimens toan accuracy of 0.0001 g.7. Test Specimen7.1 Abrasion test specimens shall be approximately 10-cmsquares or 10-cm diamete
22、r circles of at least 1.6 mm but notgreater than 6.5 mm thickness, with a 6.5 mm diameter holethrough the center to allow the specimen to be secured to thespecimen holder of the TaberAbraser. For substrates other thantitanium, consideration shall be given to the weight of the testspecimen relative t
23、o the capacity of the analytical balance.NOTE 1For specimens thicker than 6.5 mm but less than 12.7 mm, anextension nut such as type S-212or equivalent may be used in place of theclamp nut. When using the S-21 extension nut, the clamp plate is not usedand the specimen center hole shall be 9.6 mm.7.2
24、 The coating shall be applied in a manner representativeof that used on the finished surgical implant.7.3 Prepare a minimum of seven specimens. If there is morethan one coating to evaluate, a minimum of six samples foreach coating shall be prepared and at least one set shall containseven samples.7.4
25、 Of the seven sample set, one sample shall be selected todetermine the time required for ultrasonic cleaning.7.5 One specimen, randomly selected from each group ofsix specimens, shall be reserved to measure weight loss causedby ultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be called the“blank” specimen a
26、nd shall be weighed, cleaned, and re-weighed for an equal number of times to the cleaning andweighing of the abraded specimen.8. Procedure8.1 General Information:8.1.1 If there is more than one set of specimens to test, thespecimens shall be tested in a random sequence.8.1.2 A single complete specim
27、en run shall consist of aseries of partial runs, commencing with an initial two-cyclepartial run and continuing until 100 cycles have been com-pleted. Once a specimen run is initiated, no other specimensshall be tested using the same wheel until the specimen run isfinished.8.1.3 At the start of each
28、 new complete specimen run, thedisplay indicating the number of cycles run shall be reset. TheTaber Abraser counts cumulative cycles (cycles completed)and so the number of cycles set for each partial run shall be thecumulative number of cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100) designated asthe end of that partial
29、run.8.2 Ultrasonic CleaningBefore running the battery oftests, the time required for ultrasonic cleaning shall be deter-mined.8.2.1 Using the analytical balance, weigh the seventhsample as described in 7.4 no fewer than three times and recordthe average weight of these measurements.8.2.2 Prepare the
30、 Taber Abraser following steps 8.4.2 to8.4.9.8.2.3 Set the Taber Abraser for ten cumulative cycles andstart the turntable.8.2.4 Clean the sample for ten minutes with a fresh salinesolution (see 8.4.1), with the ultrasonic cleaner to be used forthe coating analysis.8.2.5 Place the cleaned sample in a
31、 100C oven and dry for10 min.8.2.6 Allow the sample to cool to room temperature beforeweighing.8.2.7 Using the analytical balance, weigh the sample nofewer than three times and record the average weight of thesemeasurements.8.2.8 Repeat 8.2.4 to 8.2.7 until the same mass (withinbalance error) is rec
32、orded for two consecutive cleanings.8.2.9 Record the total number of cleanings performed in8.2.4 to 8.2.8.8.2.10 Determine the required cleaning time necessary toobtain a stable mass, as (10 (x 1) min, where x is the totalnumber of cleanings determined in 8.2.9.NOTE 2Handle specimens by the edges to
33、 prevent unintentionalparticle shedding.8.3 Reference StandardsEach group of six specimensshall include one unabraded “blank” specimen, as specified in7.5. Once in every six tests, an unabraded specimen shall beused as a control to determine the weight loss caused by theultrasonic cleaning. This spe
34、cimen shall be weighed, cleanedfor the time calculated in 8.2.10, and reweighed for as manyF1978 172times as would normally be done if abrasion testing were beingperformed. These values shall be logged as “blank” weight lossvalues.8.4 Operation:8.4.1 Prepare a fresh cleaning solution for the ultraso
35、niccleaner by adding 0.1 6 0.005 g of reagent grade NaCl to eachlitre of deionized water8.4.2 Resurface the abrading wheels using the Taber WheelRefacer Model 250 for each new specimen. Check the diameterof the wheel. It is essential that the diameter of the abradingwheels not fall below the marked
36、minimum level (44.4 mm)over the course of the test. Should the wheel diameter fallbelow the labeled mark, the test run shall be discarded and anew specimen shall be run in its place with a new pair ofabrading wheels.8.4.3 Mount the H-22 Calibrade wheels by placing thewheel marked “Left Wheel” on the
37、 left hand abrading head andthe wheel marked “Right Wheel” on the right hand abradinghead, with the labels facing toward each other.8.4.4 Abrasion shall be done with only the 250-g mass ofthe abrading head assembly. No extra weights shall be added tothe abrading head.8.4.5 Clean the specimen for the
38、 time determined in 8.2.10using an ultrasonic cleaner with saline solution as defined in8.4.1. This solution shall be changed to a fresh solution beforethe first cleaning done that day.8.4.5.1 Place the cleaned specimen in a 100C oven for 10min to dry.8.4.5.2 Allow the specimen to cool to room tempe
39、raturebefore weighing.8.4.5.3 Using the analytical balance, weigh the specimen nofewer than three times, and record the average of these weightmeasurements on a data sheet.8.4.6 Place the specimen on the Taber Abraser turntable,coating side up such that the screw projects through the hole inthe cent
40、er of the specimen. Place the clamp plate over thespecimen, and secure the specimen and clamp plate to theturntable using the clamp nut.8.4.7 Lower the vacuum pick-up nozzle. The gap betweenthe specimen and vacuum pick-up nozzle should be adjusted to3 mm.8.4.8 Lower the abrading heads gently so that
41、 the abradingwheels rest on the surface of the specimen.8.4.9 Set the Taber Abraser to reach the appropriate numberof cumulative cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100). Set the vacuum suctionlevel by depressing the “vacuum suction level” key andentering 100. Start the Taber vacuum prior to beginning the testby d
42、epressing the “vacuum only” key. Let the vacuum run forno less than5stoallow the vacuum to reach full power, thenstart the turntable rotation by pressing the “start” key. When theturntable rotation for the specific partial run is completed, turnoff the abraser and vacuum by pressing the “stop” key.N
43、OTE 3The initial partial run shall be 2 cycles. The second partial runshall be 3 cycles (5 cumulative cycles). The third partial run shall be 5cycles (10 cumulative cycles).And the fourth partial run shall be 90 cycles(100 cumulative cycles).8.4.10 Clean, dry, cool, and weigh the specimen as before(
44、see 8.4.5).8.4.11 Repeat 8.4.6 to 8.4.10 for 5, 10, and 100 cumulativecycles.8.4.12 Repeat the steps specified in 8.4.2 to 8.4.11 for allspecimens not reserved as blanks for the test.8.4.13 Run each blank through the steps specified in 8.4.5 to8.4.11 skipping the steps specified in 8.4.6 to 8.4.9.9.
45、 Calculation9.1 Calculate the cumulative weight loss for each specimenfor the number of revolutions used with the following equation:wn5,wo.2,wn. (1)where:n = number of cumulative cycles to which specimen hasbeen exposed (2, 5, 10, 100),wn= cumulative weight loss for n cycles,= average of three weig
46、ht measurements at the start ofthe test, and= average of three weight measurements after n cu-mulative cycles.10. Report10.1 The report shall include the following information:10.1.1 Identification of the test coupon materials, includingtraceability information such as coating process lot and rawmat
47、erial lot numbers.10.1.2 Dimensional data including coupon dimensions andcoating thickness dimensions.10.1.3 The number of specimens tested.10.1.4 Nominal laboratory temperature and humidity duringthe test.10.1.5 The number of minutes needed for ultrasoniccleaning, as determined in 8.2.10.10.1.6 All
48、 cumulative mass losses following abrasionand/or ultrasonic cleaning associated with each specimen orblank.10.1.7 The mean cumulative mass loss and its standarddeviation for 2, 5, 10, and 100 cycles.10.1.8 Observations made during the course of the studyincluding, but not limited to, observation of
49、wear tracks andwhen they occur, the appearance of discoloration of thespecimen, the removal of large sections of coating, andevidence of corrosion.11. Precision and Bias11.1 An interlaboratory study (ILS) was conducted to es-tablish the precision and bias of this test method. The numberof laboratories, materials, and determinations in this study meetthe minimum requirements for determining precision as pre-scribed in Practice E691 (see Table 1). These tests were donefor 2, 5, 10, and 100 cycles for a total of 12 material and cyclecombinations.TABLE 1 ILS Study Pa
