1、Designation: F2075 10aAn American National StandardStandard Specification forEngineered Wood Fiber for Use as a Playground SafetySurface Under and Around Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2075; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe need for a systematic means of evaluating engineere
3、d wood fiber for use as a playground safetysurface from the standpoint of particle size, consistency, purity, and ability to drain, has become agrowing concern of the designers, operators, and manufacturers of engineered wood fiber systems.There has been no qualitative method to assess these paramet
4、ers of engineered wood fiber (that is,particle size, consistency, purity, and ability to drain) to ensure its quality. Therefore, the goal of thisspecification is to establish a uniform means to measure the characteristics of engineered wood fiberin order to provide the potential buyer with performa
5、nce specifications to select an engineered woodfiber suitable to meet the needs of playground designers, operators and manufacturers.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes minimum characteristicsfor those factors that determine particle size, consistency,purity, and ability to drain.1.2 Engineer
6、ed wood fiber that meets the requirements ofthis specification must comply with Specification F1292,ifthesurface is in the use zone as defined in Specification F1487.1.3 A sample of wood fiber that meets the requirements ofthis specification may be designated engineered wood fiber andbe suitable for
7、 playground safety surfacing.1.4 This specification does not imply that an injury cannotbe incurred if the engineered wood fiber complies with thisspecification.1.5 To meet the requirements of this specification, thematerial shall perform as follows:1.5.1 The material shall meet particle size requir
8、ements.1.5.2 The material shall meet the requirement for metalparticles.1.5.3 The material shall meet the allowable heavy metalconcentrations considered hazardous to children.1.5.4 The material shall meet the requirements of Specifi-cation F1292.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re
9、gardedas standard. The values in parentheses are mathematicalconversions. SI units, which are provided for information, arenot considered the standard, except in 8.4.1.7 WarningMercury has been designated by EPA andmany state agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kid
10、ney, and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury-containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website(http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.ht
11、m) for additional informa-tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited bystate law.1.8 The following precautionary statement pertains to thetest method portions only, in 7.4, 8.4, and 9.4 of this specifi-cation: This standa
12、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
13、M Standards:2C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2217 Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-stants1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sp
14、ortsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.63 onPlayground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2075 10. DOI:10.1520/F2075-10A.2For referenced A
15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
16、hocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesF963 Consumer Safety Specification for Toy SafetyF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specific
17、ation forPlayground Equipment for Public Use2.2 Other Standards and Methods:Method 6010B Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emis-sion Spectrometry (for the determination of heavy metalconcentrations) as found in the Solid Waste ManualSW8463Method 7470AMercury in Liquid Waste (manual cold-vaportechniq
18、ue) as found in the Solid Waste ManualSW84644Handbook for Public Playground Safety U. S. ConsumerProduct Safety Commission Publication No. 3255ISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory UseSpecification and Test Methods63. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 around play
19、ground equipment, nthe area under andsurrounding playground equipment established as protectionfrom falls from equipment.3.1.2 engineered wood fiber, nprocessed wood that isground to a fibrous consistency, randomly sized, approximatelyten times longer than wide with a recommended maximumlength of 2
20、in. (50.8 mm), free of hazardous substances, andmeets the criteria of this specification.3.1.3 hand manipulation, naligning the engineered woodfiber particles by hand so that the smallest dimensions confrontthe face of the sieve screen and placing them through thescreen without the use of force.3.1.
21、4 loose fill system, na surface system consisting ofsmall independent, movable components; that is, engineeredwood fiber, sand, gravel, wood chips, etc.3.1.5 normal use, nplay modes that conform to theinstruction accompanying the playground surface that havebeen established by tradition, custom, or
22、that are evident froman examination of the playground.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Playground Equipment:3.2.1 head injury criteria (HIC), na measure of impactseverity that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peaklevel o
23、f that deceleration.3.2.2 impact attenuation, nthe ability of a surface systemto reduce and dissipate the energy of an impacting body.4. General Requirements4.1 Playground surfaces represented as complying with thisspecification shall meet all applicable requirements specifiedherein. Anyone represen
24、ting compliance with this specificationshall keep such records as are necessary to document any claimthat the requirements within this specification have been met.4.2 For the surface within the fall zone of the surroundingplayground equipment, the surface must meet U.S. ConsumerProduct Safety Commis
25、sion guidelines minimum requirementsat its critical height when tested in accordance with Specifica-tion F1292.4.3 Certification compliance to this specification shall beconducted by an independent accredited testing laboratory.4.4 Performance Requirements for Sieve Analysis:4.4.1 When engineered wo
26、od fiber is tested in accordancewith 7.4 of this specification, it shall meet the following criteriato be considered acceptable engineered wood fiber.4.4.2 The minimum and maximum percent (%) by weightpassing through the three sieves shall be as follows:Sieve Size Minimum % Maximum %34 in. (19.0 mm)
27、 99 % 100 %38 in. (9.5 mm) 75 % 100 %No. 16 (0.0469 in. (1.1mm)0% 15%4.5 Performance Requirements for Hazardous Metals:4.5.1 The maximum heavy metal concentration of solublemigrated elements after being corrected for statistical error isshown in 4.5.2.4.5.2 The criteria in Table 1 must be met to be
28、consideredacceptable engineered wood fiber:4.6 Performance Requirement for Tramp Metal:4.6.1 When wood fiber is tested in accordance with 9.4 and9.5, the total number of metal particles with a dimension of12in. (1.27 cm) or greater shall not exceed 0 per 50 yd3(38.23m3) pile sampled to be considered
29、 acceptable engineered woodfiber.5. Summary of Methods5.1 Samples of representative wood fiber are tested inaccordance with: Test Method C136 and Specification F963,modified for this specification.5.1.1 Test Method C136 provides a test method for deter-mination of particle size distribution by passi
30、ng a sample of dryengineered wood fiber of known mass through a series ofsieves of progressively smaller openings.5.1.2 Specification F963, hazardous soluble elements areextracted from engineered wood fiber under conditions thatsimulate the situation in which the engineered wood fiber stays4 h in th
31、e alimentary tract after swallowing. The content of thesoluble elements in the extract is determined for antimony(Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium(Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and selenium (Se).3Available from The American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth St.,NW, Wash
32、ington, D.C. 20005.4SW 846 is found in the manual of “Standard Methods for the Examination ofWater and Waste Water,” 18th Edition 1992, prepared and published by TheAmerican Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth St., NW, Washington, D.C.20005.5Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commissi
33、on, 4330 East-WestHighway, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-44086Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.TABLE 1 Maximum Soluble Migrated Element in ppm (mg/L)Engineered Wood FiberAAntimo
34、ny(Sb)Arsenic(As)Barium(Ba)Cadmium(Cd)Chromium(Cr)Lead(Pb)Mercury(Hg)Selenium(Se)60 25 1000 75 60 90 60 500AInformation in this table taken from Specification F963.F2075 10a25.1.2.1 Method 7470A Mercury in Liquid Waste (manualcold vapor technique) as found in the Solid Waste ManualSW846 is used to d
35、etermine the levels of mercury in theengineered wood fiber.5.1.2.2 Method 6010B Inductively Coupled Plasma-AtomicEmission Spectrometry (for the determination of heavy metalconcentrations) as found in the Solid Waste Manual SW846will determine the levels of hazardous heavy metals.5.1.3 Two methods ar
36、e used to determine the presence oftramp metal in engineered wood fiber playground surfacing;one is using a powerful rare earth magnet on the end of a probespecifically written for this specification; the other is a visualinspection.6. Sampling6.1 The following procedure will be used to collect theg
37、ross wood fiber sample. The sieve test sample and thehazardous substance (heavy metal) sample will be taken fromthe gross engineered wood fiber sample. The entire gross woodfiber sample will be tested for tramp metal.6.1.1 The gross sample of engineered wood fiber shallrepresent a stockpile of 50 yd
38、3(38 m3) or greater.6.1.2 Eight 1-gal (3.8-L) samples shall be taken. They shallbe taken from four different quadrants of the stockpile 2 to 4 ftabove the base and four different quadrants 4 to 6 ft above thebase. Dig 1 to 2 ft into pile at each sample point. Combine andthoroughly mix the 8-gal (15.
39、1-L) sample to achieve a homo-geneous blend.6.1.3 The thoroughly mixed 8-gal (15.1-L) sample will beknown as the gross 8-gal (15.1-L) sample.7. Sieve Test Analysis Method7.1 Significance and Use:7.1.1 Sieve AnalysisThis test method is used to determinegrading of engineered wood fiber-type material f
40、or proposeduse as an engineered wood fiber playground safety surface. Theresults are used to determine compliance of the particle sizedistribution with applicable specification requirements and toprovide necessary data that will indicate sufficient porosity fordrainage, and larger particle size to l
41、imit compaction andmaintain resilience and limit oversize pieces that could causeinjury.7.2 Test Apparatus:7.2.1 BalancesBalances or scales used in testing fine andcoarse aggregate shall be readable and accurate to 0.5 g or0.1 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any point withinthe range of
42、 use.7.2.2 SievesThe sieve cloth shall be mounted on substan-tial frames constructed in a manner that will prevent loss ofmaterial during sieving. The sieve cloth and standard sieveframes shall conform to the requirements of Specification E11.Nonstandard sieve frames shall conform to the requirement
43、s ofSpecification E11 as applicable.7.2.2.1 Sieve sizes required:34 in. (19.05 mm),38 in. (9.53mm) and No. 16, 0.0469 in. (1.19 mm), mounted on standardframe 8 in. (203.20 mm) diameter 2 in. (50.8 mm) height.7.2.3 Sieve ShakerA mechanical sieving device, if used,shall create motion of the sieves to
44、cause the particles tobounce, tumble, or otherwise turn so as to present differentorientations to the sieving surface. The sieving action shall besuch that the criterion for adequacy of sieving described in thistest procedure is met in a reasonable time period.7.2.4 OvenAn oven of appropriate size c
45、apable of main-taining a uniform temperature 60 6 5C (140 6 9F).7.3 Sample Test Preparation:7.3.1 From the gross 8-gal (15.1-L) sample of engineeredwood fiber, measure a 1-gal (3.8-L) sample for drying.7.3.2 Dry the sieve test sample of wood fiber in accordancewith the following method. (A constant
46、moisture level isnecessary to prevent weight changes due to changing moisturelevels in the sample).7.3.3 The wood fiber sample was reduced in overall size tofacilitate testing using a standard 2-in.-deep 8-in.-diametersieve. Because of the light weight of wood fiber, the oven driedsample weight of i
47、ndividual samples to be tested shall notgenerally exceed 0.40 lbs (181 g). Sieve screens, sieve frames,and wire cloth shall conform to the requirements of Specifica-tion E11. Samples shall be oven dried to a constant weight ingeneral accordance with Practice D2217 for oven drying ofsamples following
48、 reduction of the mass (oven temperature of140F and accuracy to 69F (60 6 5C).7.4 Test Preparation for Sieve Analysis:7.4.1 Because of the irregular shapes of the wood particles,hand manipulation of the sample through the sieve screens maybe necessary.7.4.2 Nest the three sieves (34 in. (19.05 mm),3
49、8 in. (9.53mm), and No. 16, 0.0469 in. (1.19 mm) in order of decreasingsize of opening from top to bottom and place the sample on thetop sieve.7.4.3 Agitate the sieves by hand or by mechanical apparatusfor a sufficient period, established by trial or checked bymeasurement on the actual test sample, to meet the criterion foradequacy of sieving described in 7.4.5.3.7.4.4 Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so thatall particles have the opportunity to reach sieve openings anumber of times during the sieving operation.7.4.5 Prevent an overlo
